












<^. 




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(./ THE 



WESTERN TOURIST 

OR 

EMIGRANT'S GUIDE 

THROUGH THE STATES OF 

OHIO, MICHIGAN, INDIANA, ILLINOIS, AND 
MISSOURI, 
" ^ *•. / . ^ 

AND THE^TJERRITORIES^r >■• 

WISCONSIN AND IOWA: 



BEING AN ACCURATE AND CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF EACH 
STATE, TERRITORY, AND COUNTY. 

ALSO, DESCRIBING ALL THE PRINCIPAL STAGE ROUTES, CANALa» 
RAILROADS, AND THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE TOWNS. 

ACCOMPANIED WTl'U A CORRECT MAP, 

BUOWiya THE TOWNSHIP LINES OF THE UNITED STATES' SURVEYS, THl 
BOUNDARIES OF COUNTIES, POSITION OF VILLAGES, ETC. 



» J o e • e 



NEW YO'RK.:' ■'- ' " 
PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, 

86 Cedar-street. 

1846. 



• ft n •> V 



^>"'7{j.. 



E.vTERED, according to the Act of Congress, in the yeai 1339, by J. 
H. CoLTON, in the Clerk's office of the District Court of the Southern 
District of New-York. 



srFT,r.0Ty;?ED bt 
C. V^T.ENT JNB 



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» 



PREFACE 



The great region of the North and West comprehended m 
the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Missouri, 
and the Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa, is daily becoming 
more and more important and interesting. Its vast resources 
are in a state of rapid development ; industry and enterprize, 
aided by enlightened legisTalTonTare calling forth its energies, 
and the prophetic declaration that " westward the star of em- 
pire takes its way," is advancing to its fulfilment. A few 
years since, this region, then denominated the " far west," was 
regarded as the outskirts of civilization, it is now (the greatest 
proportion of it) the residence of an active, enterprizing and 
intelligent population. Cities have sprung up as if by magic ; 
agriculture, manufactures and commerce flourish; literature, /^ 
science and the arts are extending their healthful and invigora- 
ting influence throughout the country. Blessed with a soil un- 
surpassed in fertility and a salubrious chmate, and possessing, 
by means of its great rivers and lakes, advantages for trade 
and commerce, it must, ere the lapse of '.iiany years, enjoy all 
the advantages that can render a country prosperous and a 
people happy. 

Under the head of each State will be found its respective 



IV PREFACE. 

boundaries and extent — Face of the Country — Rivers and 
Lakes — Form of Government — Sketch of each County— &c. 

To the traveling community, this book will be a desidera- 
turn, embodying as it actually does, all the stage and steam- 
boat routs, locations of Canals and Rail-Roads, with Tables 
of distances, &c. 

The map attached to this work has been carefully reduced 
frum the Government Surveys, and is the most complete- gen- 
eral map of the Western States yet pubhshed. 



CONTENTS 



GENERAL VIEW OF THE ST. LAWRENCE AND 

MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS. 
The Valley of the St. Lawrence — The Valley of the Miss, 
issippi — The Valley of the Ohio — The Upper Missis- 
sippi Valley — The Valley of the Missouri — The Valley 
of the Lower Mississippi — Inundations of the Missis- 
sippi — Face of the country — Climate, Diseases,' &c. . 7 

PUBLIC LANDS. 
Land Offices and Land Districts — System of Surveys — 
Meridian and Base Lines — Townships — Diagram of a 
township divided into seetions, &c. — Pre-emption rights 
— Amount of Lands sold at the several offices — Amount 
of Lands sold in the United States from 1820 to the 30th 
September, 1837 27 

OHIO. 
Boundaries and Extent — Face of the Country — Rivers — 
Form of Government — Sketch of each County — ^Alpha- 
Internal Improvements, &c 30 

MICHIGAN. 
Boundaries and Extent, &c • • 90 



VI CONTENTS. 

INDIANA. 
Boundaries and Extent, &c • • • • 45 

ILLINOIS. 
Boundaries and Extent, &c 60 

MISSOURL 
Boundaries and Extent, &c. 75 

WISCONSIN. 
Boundaries and Extent, &c * ,^ , , lOS 

IOWA. 
Boundaries and Extent, &c * . . 107 

STAGE ROUTS, &c. 
In Ohio — Michigan — Indiana — Illinois — Missouri, . Ill 



GENERAL VIEW 



OF THE 



ST. LAWRENCE AND MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEYS. 



The country delineated by this work is occupied 
by the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and 
Missouri ; and the Wisconsin and Iowa Territories, 
known as the north-western States and Territories, 
which are embraced in the upper sections of the two 
great Valleys of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi. 

The St. Lawrence Valley or Basin, contains the 
five great western lakes, and bounds the greater part 
of the northern frontier of the United States. Be- 
ginning at the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it extends 
nearly to the sources of the Mississippi, a distance 
of about 1800 miles ; and is computed to contain 
511,930 square miles of surface ; 72,930 of which 
are covered with water. It may be divided into 
three great, but unequal parts ; the upper, middle 
and lower. The first, in form of a rhomb, has an 
area of about 90,000 square miles, one-third of which 
is occupied by Lake Superior, its length is about 500 
miles, with a mean breadth of 80, mean depth 900 
feet, elevated 624 feet above the Ocean level. Into 
this reservoir are poured upwards of 50 rivers, none 
of which are of much importance. Though indivi- 
dually small, the quantity of water supplied coll^iC- 
tively by the numerous tributaries of Lake Superior, 



8 VALLEY OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. 

must be very great. The whole mass, composing a 
large river, is forced through the Straits of St. Mary, 
a distance of 60 miles, into Lake Huron. Sault St. 
Marie, a fall of 22 ft. 10 in. in half a mile, is the 
largest of three rapids which obstruct navigation. 

The middle division forms a quadrangle of about 
160,000 square miles, having the three great central 
lakes, Michigan, Huron and Erie in its lowest de- 
pressions. Lake Michigan is a great chasm of 800 
feet in depth below its surface, about 300 miles long 
by 65 mean width, and elevated 579 feet above tide 
level. The streams which fall into it are generally 
small, but very numerous. Lake Michigan commu- 
nicates with Lake Huron by the Straits of Mackinac. 
Lake Huron is an expanded triangular body of wa- 
ter, and is divided into two unequal parts by the Ma- 
nitoulin islands, and a peninsular projecting from its 
south-east side. Between the north-eastern shore 
and the Manitoulin group, extends a strait of 200 
miles in length, with a mean width of about 30 miles. 
The mean breadth of the lake is 95 miles, and occu- 
pies an area of 19,000 square miles, receiving the 
vast discharge of Lake Superior and Michigan in its 
north-western angle. Lake Nipissing on its north- 
eastern, and several minor streams. These accu- 
mulated waters are discharged from its southern ex- 
tremity by the Strait of St. Clair, a distance of 35 
miles, with a rapid current, into Lake St. Clair. 
Lake St. Clair is a small, shallow, circular expansion 
of about 20 miles in diameter. It empties into Lake 
Erie by the Detroit Strait. Lake Erie forms the 
most southern part of the middle basin of the St. 
Lawrence. It is elevated 560 feet above tide level, 
and lies 19 ft. 3 in. below the level of Lake Huron. 



VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 9 

Its form is elliptical, but much elongated, 280 miles 
in length, and but little exceeding 50 miles in breadth 
at its widest parts, average depth 200 feet. This 
congregated mass of waters from the upper lakes, 
and the many tributaries of Erie, in their course 
through the Niagara Strait or River, are precipitated 
down the Great Falls of Niagara, into the lower ba- 
sin of the St. Lawrence ; when, after a distance of 
14 miles from the falls, they are again expanded and 
form Lake Ontario, whose mean length is 180 miles, 
width 30. The St. Lawrence River after a course 
of 692 miles connects it with the Atlantic, and is the 
second river in magnitude in America ; it is 100 
miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for ships of 
the largest class 400 miles from the ocean. 

THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPL 

We have already seen that no considerable rivers 
run into the lakes of the St. Lawrence ; and this may 
prepare us for the fact, which is obvious on inspect- 
ing the map, that many of the streams which emptj 
into the Mississippi rise very near to the lakes 
Take for example the Ohio, which rises within fivt 
miles of Lake Erie, and there are many similar ca- 
ses. It is a remarkable flict, that no mountains or 
grounds of considerable elevation, divide the tributa- 
ries of the lakes from those of the Mississippi Valley 
On the contrary, the waters of Lake Michigan arf 
so nearly on a level with the Des Plaines, (a continu- 
ation of the Illinois,) which flows into the Mississippi, 
that in seasons of great flood their waters not only 
mingle, but boats have been known to pass from the 
one into the other. The Valley of the Mississippi 



10 VALLEY OF THE OHIO. 

embraces all that pant of the United States lying be- 
tween the Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains, and 
the Chippewayan or Rocky Mountains ; the waters 
of which are discharged through the mouths of the 
Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. 

This great central valley may be divided into four 
parts. First, the portion between the lakes and the 
Alleghany Mountains ; this is traversed by the Ohio, 
and its numerous confluents. Second, the portion 
between the lakes and the Missouri, this is traversed 
by the Mississippi proper. Third, the portion occu- 
pied by the Missouri itself, including the course of the 
River Platte. Fourth, the Valley of the Lower Mis- 
sissippi, with the Arkansas and Red Rivers. 

THE VALLEY OF THE OHIO. 

The Ohio Valley is subdivided by the river into 
two unequal sections, leaving on the right or north- 
west side 80,000, and on the left or south-east side, 
116,000 square miles. The Ohio river flows in a 
deep ravine, which forms a common recipient for the 
waters drained from both slopes. The length of the 
ravine, in a direct line from Pittsburg to the Missis- 
sippi, is 540 miles, but by following the serpentine 
course of the Ohio, is a distance of 948 miles, 
*" The hills are generally found near the rivers or 
larger creeks, and parallel to them on each side, 
having between them the alluvial valley through 
which the stream meanders, usually near the middle, 
but sometimes washing the foot of either hill. Per- 
haps the best idea of the topography of this region 

• Bourne. 



VALLEY OF THE OHIO. 11 

may be obtained, by conceiving it to be one vast ele- 
vated plain, near the center of which the streams 
rise, and in their course wearing down a bed or val- 
ley, wliose depth is in proportion to their size or the 
soHdity of the earth over which they flow. So that 
our hills, with some ^e\v exceptions, are nothing more 
or less than cliffs or banks made by the action of the 
streams, and although these cliffs or banks on the 
rivers or large creeks approach the size of moun- 
tains, yet their tops are generally level like the re- 
mains of an ancient plain." The tributaries of the 
Ohio which flow from the Alleghany Mountains are, 
from their sources nearly to their mouths, mountain 
torrents, and have their courses generally in deep 
channels, and often through deep chasms with per- 
pendicular banks of limestone ; those flowing from the 
north-west, rise in the table-land forming the dividing 
ridge between the waters of the St. Lawrence and 
the Mississippi, with a slight current, but increase in 
their velocity until they unite with the Ohio. In its 
natural state, the valley of the Ohio was for the most 
part covered with a dense forest, but the central plain 
presents an exception. As far east as the sources 
of the Muskingum, commenced open savannahs, cov- 
ered with grass and devoid of timber. Like the 
plain itself, those savannahs expand to the westward 
and open into immense natural meadows, known un- 
der the denomination of prairies. The Ohio from 
Pittsburgh to the Mississippi, a course of nine hun- 
dred and forty-eight miles, falls only about 400 feet» 
or about 5 inches in a mile. This river, and its prin- 
cipal branch the Alleghany, are in a striking man- 
ner gentle as respects currents ; and from Olean, in 
the state of New- York, to the P.lississippi, over a dis- 



12 ITPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

tance of 1160 miles, following the streams, at a mod- 
erately high flood, it meets (excepting the rapids at 
Louisville) with not a single serious natural impedi- 
ment. The Monongahela more impetuous, is yet 
navigable far into Virginia. On the north-west side 
of the valley, the rivers are extremely rapid. Rising 
on a table-land from 300 to 100 feet above their 
mouths, and in no instance having a direct course of 
300 miles, the streams, though falling gradually, are 
almost torrents. The Big Beaver, Muskingum and 
Hockhocking, have direct falls ; but the Sciota, Mi- 
ami and Wabash, though rapid, have no falls that se- 
riously impede navigation. 

THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

The Mississippi rises in Lat. 47° 10', N., Lon. 95° 
54', W., surrounded by an immense marshy plain, in- 
dented with small lakes abounding with fish and wild 
rice, and elevated 1500 feet above the Gulf of Mexi- 
co It is a circumstance peculiar to this river, that 
the physiognomy of nature around its head bears so 
strong resemblance to that of its estuary. A dif- 
ference of 19 degrees of latitude precludes much 
similarity in vegetable or stationary animal produc- 
tion. But, says Mr. Schoolcraft, who visited the 
sources in the month of July, " the migratory water 
fowl found there at that time of the year, are very 
nearly the san^^ which flock in countless millions 
over the Delta in December, January, February and 
March. It is also deserving of remark, that its 
sources lie in a region of almost continual winter, 
while it enters the Ocean under the latitude of per* 
petual verdure." On a view of the particular vallej 



UPPER MISSISSIPPI Vi^LLEY. 13 

of the Mississippi, its general sameness first strikes 
the eye. No chains or groups of' mountains rise to 
vary the scene. Over so wide a space as 180,000 
square miles, some solitary elevations exist, which, 
for want of contrast, are dignified by the name of 
mountains ; but i^ew continuous tracts of equal ex- 
tent, affords so little diversity of surface. 

The upper part of the Mississippi is traversed by 
numerous falls and rapids of inconsiderable descent, 
until, after a meandering couiise of 420 miles, it pre- 
cipitates its waters down the Falls of St. Anthony, 
16-1- feet perpendicular ; and 9 miles below, receives 
its largest confluent, the St. Peters, which rises among 
the sacred red-pipestone quarries of the Indians. 
The Mississippi from the St. Peters to some distance 
below Galena, flows in small streams, (with the ex- 
ception of Lake Pepin, an expansion of 20 miles in 
length and 5 in width,) curling among a multitude of 
islands, which in the summer season are clothed with 
grass, flowers and forest trees ; and so thickly cov- 
ered, that it is said, there are but three places be- 
tween Prairie du Chien and St. Peters river, a dis- 
tance of 220 miles, where you can see across the 
river. The bluffs which bound the river are delight- 
ful to the eye, running frequently in high and continu- 
ous ridges, then divided by valleys and streams en- 
tering the river ; and are covered to the summit with 
the same splendid verdure as the islands. 

The Mississippi after a distance of 990 miles from 
its source, and receiving in its course from the east, 
the Chippewa, Wisconsin, Rock and Illinois rivers, 
and many smaller streams ; and from the west, the 
St. Peters, Up. Iowa, Turkey, Makoqueta, Wapsi- 
)inecon, Iowa, Des Moine and Salt rivers, and many 
2 



14 VALLEY OF THE MISSOURI. 

Others of less note, unite and mingle its bright waters 
with the dark Missouri. 

THE VALLEY OF THE MISSOURI. 

The Missouri rises in the Chippewayan or Rocky 
Mountains. As viewed from the course of this river, 
the mountains rise abruptly out of the plains, which 
lie extended at their base, and tower in peaks of great 
height, which render them visible at an immense dis- 
tance. They consist of ridges, knobs and peaks, 
variously disposed, among which are interspersed 
many broad and fertile valleys. The more elevated 
parts are covered with perpetual snow, which give 
them at a distance, a most brilliant appearance. 
They are covered with a scattering growth of scrub- 
by pine, oak, cedar and furze. The Missouri rises 
far wuhin the bosom of the mountains, and is divi- 
ded by a single ridge from the waters of the Colum- 
bia, which flows into the Pacific Ocean. In its early 
r.ourse, it flows through small but beautiful and fer- 
lile valleys, deeply embosomed amidst the surround- 
ing heights, and forms a variety of islands in its pro- 
gress, till at length it issues from these verdant re- 
cesses by a rocky pass, which has not unaptly been 
called the Gates of the Rocky Mountains. 

* For five and three quarter miles these rocks rise 
on both sides of the river, perpendicularly from the 
water's edge, to the height of nearly 1,200 feej. The 
river (three hundred and fifty yards in width) seems 
to have forced its channel through this solid mass ; 
but so reluctantly has it given way, that, during the 

• Lewis and Clark. 



VALLEY OF THE MISSOURI. 15 

whole distance, the water is veiy deep, even at the 
edges, and for the first three miles there is not a spot, 
except one of a few yards, in which a man could 
stand between the waters and the towering perpen- 
dicular of the mountains. The convulsion of the 
passage must have been terrible, since at its outlet 
there are vast columns of rock torn from the moun- 
tains, which are strewed on both sides of the river, 
the trophies, as it were, of the victory. This extra- 
ordinary range of rocks is called the " Gates of the 
Rocky mountains." At the junction of the Yellow- 
Stone and the Missouri, the river by either branch 
has flowed more than a thousand miles. A few miles 
below the influx of the Yellow-Stone, the Missouri 
has reached its utmost northern bend, in N. Lat. 
48° 29'; and curves, by a regular sweep of 200 
miles, to the Mandan villages. The Platte and Kan- 
sas are two great confluents of the Missouri, rising in 
the same mountains, and flowing eastwardly, the 
former 700, and the latter 600 miles. The Platte 
derives its name from the circumstance of its being 
broad and shoal; its average width being about 1,200 
yards, exclusive of the islands it embosoms, with a 
rapid current, and is fordable almost every where. 
The character of the Kansas is nearly similar, being 
navigable only in high freshets, and then not exceed- 
ing 200 miles from its mouth. Grand and Chariton 
on the north, and Osage and Gasconade on the south, 
(navigable streams,) are tributaries of the Missouri. 
After a direct course of 1,870 miles, and a meander, 
ing one of 3,000, the Missouri unites with the Mis- 
sissippi. The valley of the Missouri occupies an area 
of 523,000 square miles. Three remarkable features 
exist in it — first, the turbid character of its waters ; 



16 VALLEY OF THE MISSOURI. 

second, the very unequal volumes of the right and 
left confluents ; and third, the immense excess of the 
open prairies over the river lines of the forest. In 
the direction of the western rivers, the inclined plane 
of the Missouri extends 800 miles from the Chippe- 
wayan mountams, and rather more than that distance 
from south to north, from the southern branches of 
the Kansas, to the extreme heads of the northern 
confluents of the valley. * " Ascending from the 
lower verge of this widely extended plain, wood be- 
comes more and more scarce, until one naked sur- 
face spreads on all sides. Even the ridges and 
chains of the mountains partake of these traits of 
desolation. The traveler in those parts, who has 
read the descriptions of central Asia by Tooke or 
Pallas, will feel, on the higher branches of the Mis- 
souri, a resemblance at once striking and appalling. 
He will regret how much of the earth's surface is 
doomed to irremediable silence, and if near the Chip, 
pewayan heights in winter, he will acknowledge, that 
the utmost intensity of frost in Siberia and Mongolia 
has its full counterpart in North America, on similar, 
if not on lower latitudes." " But of all the charac- 
teristics which distinguish the Missouri and its con- 
fluents, the few direct falls, or even rapids, is certainly 
the most remarkable. Between Dearborne's and 
Maria's rivers, the stream leaves the Chippewayan 
range by rolling over ledges of rocks for a distance 
of 18 miles, after which this overwhelming mass of 
water, though every where flowing with great rapid- 
ity, no where swells into a lake, or rolls over a single 
cataract, in a distance of at least .3,500 miles, to the 

• Darby. 



VALLEY OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI. 17 

Gulf of Mexico. If, therefore, the Amazon is ex- 
cepted, the Missouri and its continuation, the Mis- 
sissippi, afford the most extended, uninterrupted Hne of 
river navigation which has ever been discovered." 

VALLEY OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPL 

After being joined by the Missouri, the Missis- 
sippi makes a direct course of 820, or following its 
meanderings, 1,265 miles, to the Gulf of Mexico. In 
no circumstance is the physical geography of the 
United States more remarkable than in the extreme 
inequality of the two opposing planes, down which 
are poured the confluents of the Mississippi, below 
the influx of the Ohio. The western inclined plane, 
falling from the Rocky mountains, sweeps over up- 
wards of 800 miles ; while the eastern, sloping from 
the Appalachian, has not a mean width of 100 miles. 
The rivers which drain the two slopes are, in re- 
spective length, proportionate to the extent of their 
planes of descent. Although Red river exceeds a 
comparative course of 800 miles, the Arkansas of 
1,000, and White river of 400, the longest stream 
from the opposite slope falls short of 200 miles. The 
alluvian brought down by such volumes of water as 
those of White, Arkansas, and Red rivers, explains 
satisfactorily the reason why th<^ Mississippi infringes 
so often on the eastern, and no where below the Ohio 
touches the western bluflfs. The lower valiey of tne 
Mississippi is the most variegated section of the 
United States. * " Every form of landscape, every 
trait of natural physiognomy, and an exhaust'e«s 

* Darby. 
2* 



18 INUNDATIONS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 

quantity, with an illimitable specific diversity of ve- 
getable and metallic productions, are found upon this 
extensive region. It is flanked on the east by a 
dense forest, and on the west by the naked ridges 
and spires of the Chippewayan mountains ; while the 
deep entangled woods of the Mississippi stand in 
striking relief against the expansive prairies of the 
Arkansas and Red rivers." 

INUNDATIONS OF THE MISSISSIPPI. 

The spring floods to which the Mississippi is 
subject, are remarkable for their long and steady 
continuance ; a circumstance highly favorable to 
.nland navigation. It is obvious, on a glance at the 
different regions from whence the waters are drawn, 
that the rivers must be high at different periods of 
the year. It is evident, also, that in the breaking 
up of winter, the water in the same valley is drawn 
from its sources gradually ; when, as in the case of 
the Mississippi, the river flows from, the poles towards 
the equator. Similar remarks apply to the Ohio and 
the Arkansas ; so that the duration of the flood sea- 
son is thus lengthened, while the quantity of water 
in a given time is moderated. Generally, the Red 
river flows out in February, or early in March. The 
great flood from the Arkansas, the Ohio, and the 
Upper Mississippi, commences early in March, and 
attains its full height in the middle of June. Abating 
from the latter period, it has nearly subsided by the 
first of August, when the retarded flow of the Mis- 
souri arrives to .complete the annual inundation. 



FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 1^ 



FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 

The surface of the Mississippi Valley may be ar 
ranged under three natural divisions — the forest^ 
or thickly timbered, the barrens, and prairie country. 
The timber most abundant in this territory are the 
oak, of various species, black and white walnut, ash 
of the several varieties, elm, sugar-maple, honey- 
locust, birch, buck-eye, hack-berry, linden, hickoiy, 
cotton-wood, white and yellow pine, peccan, mulber- 
ry, sycamore, box, sassafras, persimmon, with several 
others. The undergrowth consists principally of red 
bud, paw-paw, sumach, plum, crab-apple, dog-wood, 
hazel, spice-bush, grape vines, green brier, &c. The 
trees are very luxuriant in their growth, and are fre- 
quently found of a stupendous size. 

Barrens are a species of country of a mixed cha- 
racter, uniting forest and prairie. They are covered 
with scattered oaks, rough and stinted in their ap- 
pearance, interspersed with patches of hazel, brush- 
wood, and tough grass. The appearance of this 
description of country led the early settlers to sup- 
pose, that the scantiness of the timber was owing to 
the sterility of the soil, and hence, the title thus igiio- 
rantly given, became of universal application to this 
extensive tract of country. It is ascertained, how- 
ever, that those " barrens" have as productive a soil 
as can be found in the western states — healthy, more 
rolling than the prairies, and abounding with that im- 
portant requisite, good springs. The fire passes over 
these "barrens" in the fall, but owing to the insuffi- 
ciency of the fuel, is not able to destroy entirely the 
limber. The farmer may settle, without hesitation 



20 FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 

on any part of this land, where he can find timber 
enough for his present wants, for the soil is better 
adapted to all the purposes of farming and changes 
of the seasons, than the deeper and richer mould of 
the prairies. 

The next, and far most extensive surface, is the 
"openings," the rich level, or rolling prairies, inter- 
spersed with belts and points of timber, and the vast 
sterile prairies of the Far West. 

And first, the " oak openings," so termed from 
their distinctive feature of the varieties of oak which 
are scattered over them, interspersed at times with 
pine, black walnut, and other forest trees, which 
spring from a rich vegetable soil. The surface is 
ordinarily dry and rolling, with trees of a moderate 
growth. Among the " oak openings," are found 
some of tlK) most lovely landscapes of the west ; and 
for miles and miles, a varied scenery of natural 
growth, with all the diversity of gently swelling hill 
and dale — here, trees grouped or standing single ; 
and there, arranged in long avenues, as though 
planted with human hands, with slips of open mea- 
dow between. Sometimes the " openings" are dot- 
ted with numerous clear lakes, and form scenes of 
enchanting loveliness. They are fed by subterra- 
neous springs, or the rains ; and few having any ap- 
parent outlet, lose their surplus waters by evapora- 
tion. Michigan and Iliinois abound with these oak 
openings. The rich " rolling prairie" forms the 
second division, which presents other features, and in 
a great degree another vegetation. These prairies 
abound with the thickest and most luxuriant belts of 
forest; or, as they are termed, "timbers," scattered 
over the open face of the country, in bands or patch. 



FACE OF THE COUNTRY. 21 

es of every possible form and size, generally follow- 
ing the meanders of the water courses, sometimes at 
short distances, at other times, miles and miles apart. 
They present wide and slightly undulating tracts of 
the rankest herbage and flowers, many ridges and 
hollows filled with purple thistles, and ponds filled 
with aquatic plants. In Missouri, they occupy the 
higher portions of the country ; the descent to the 
wooded " bottoms" being invariably over steep and 
stony declivities. The depth and richness of the 
soil on these lands are almost incredible, and the 
edges of the timbered strips are the favorite haunt 
of the emigrant settler and backwoodsman, in quest 
of game. Over these rolling " prairies" the fire 
commonly passes in the autumn, and to this cause is 
attributed their want of trees ; as, whenever a few 
years elapse without the fire touching a district, the 
thick sown seeds of the slumbering forest, with which 
the rich vegetable mould is laden, spring up from the 
green sod of the prairies. The surface is first cov- 
ered with brush-wood, composed of sumach, hazel, 
wild cherry, and oak ; and if the conflagrations be 
kept out, other forest trees follow. The third divi- 
sion is the vast boundless prairies of the " Far 
West," unbroken, save by the forest, rising on the 
alluvian of some water course below their level, or 
by the skirts of knotted and harsh oak-wood, of thick 
and stinted growth. The prairies occupy the high- 
est part of the table-land, toward the sources of the 
great rivers and their tributaries. They abound with 
abrupt and peculiarly shaped flinty hills, swelling up 
from the general level ; great salt plains, and occa- 
sionally with isolated rocks rising from the surface, 
with perpendicular sides, as though cut by the hand 



22 CLIMATE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

of man, standing alone in the midst of these prairies 
a wonder to the Indian and the trapper. They are 
seldom perfectly level. As you advance, one im- 
jftiense sea of grass swells to the horizon after ano- 
ther, unbroken, for miles, by rock or tree. They 
are the home of the bison, and the hunting ground 
of the roving bands of the red men of the West. 

CLIMATE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

* " We may conceive four distinct climates between 
the sources and the outlet of the Mississippi. The 
first commencing at its source and terminating at 
Prairie du Chien, corresponds pretty accurately to 
the climate between Montreal and Boston, with this 
difference, that the amount of snow falling in the 
former is much less than in the latter region. The 
growing of gourd seed corn, which demands a high- 
er temperature to bring it to maturity, is not pursued 
in this region. The Irish potatoe is raised in this 
climate in the utmost perfection. Wheat and culti- 
vated grasses succeed well. The apple and pear 
tree require fostering and southern exposure to bring 
fruit to perfection. The peach tree has still more 
the habits and the delicacy of a southern stranger, 
and requires a sheltered declivity with a southern 
exposure, to succeed at all. Five months in the year 
may be said to be under the dominion of winter. 
For that length of time, the cattle require shelter in 
the severe weather, and the still waters remain fro- 
zen. The second climate extends over the opposite 
States of Missouri and Illinois in their whole extent 

* FUnl. 



CLIMATE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 23 

or the country between 43'' and 37°. Cattle, though 
thorigh inuch benefitted by sheltering, and often need- 
ing it, here seldom receive it. It is not so favorable 
for cultivated grasses as the preceding region. Gourd 
seed corn is the only kind extensively planted. The 
winter commences with January and ends with the 
second week in February ; the ice in the still waters 
after that time thaws. Wheat, the inhabitant of a va- 
ricty of climates, is at home as a native in this. 
The persimmon and the paw-paw are found in its 
whole extent. It is the favored region of the apple, 
the pear and the peach. Snow neither falls deep nor 
lies long. I'he Irish potatoe succeeds to a certain 
extent, but not as v/ell as in the former climate ; but 
this disadvantage is supplied by the sweet potatoe, 
which, though not at home in this chmate, with a little 
care in the cultivation, flourishes. The grandeur of the 
vegetation, and the temperature of March and April, 
indicates an approach towards the southern regions. 
"The third climate extends from 37° to 31°. 
Below 35°, in the rich alluvial soils, the apple 
tree begins to fail in bringing its fruit to perfec- 
tion ; apples worth eating are seldom raised much 
below New Madrid. Below 33°, commences the 
proper climate for cotton, and here it is the staple 
article of cultivatiou. Festoons of long moss hang 
from the trees and darken the forest, and the pal- 
metto gives to the low alluvial grounds a grand and 
striking verdure. The muscadine grape, strongly 
designating the climate, is first found here. Laurel 
trees become common in the forest, retaining their 
foliage and their verdure through the winter. Wheat 
is no longer seen as an article of cultivation, but the 
fig-tree brings its fruit to full maturity. 



24 CLIMATE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

" Below this limit to the gulf, is the fourth climate, 
the region of the sugar-cane and the orange-tree. 
It would be, if cultivated, the region of the olive. 
Snow is no longer seen to fall, except a few flakes in 
the coldest storms ; the streams are never frozen ; 
winter is only marked by nights of white frosts and 
days of north-west winds, which seldom last longer 
than three days in succession, and are followed by 
south winds and warm days. 

" In such a variety of climate and exposure, in a coun- 
try alternately covered in one point with the thickest 
forests, and in another spreading out into grassy plains, 
and with almost every shade of temperature, there must 
necessarily be generated all the forms and varieties of 
disease that spring simply from cHmate. Emigrants 
will always find it unsafe to select their residence 
near stagnate waters, and the rich and heavy timber- 
ed ah avians ; yet these from their fertihty. and the 
ease in which they are brought into cultivation, are 
the points most frequently selected. The rich plains 
of the Sciota were the graves of the first settlers, but 
they have long since, been brought into cultivation, 
and have lost their character for insalubrity. Hun- 
dreds of places in the west, which were selected as 
residences by the first emigrants on account of their 
fertility, and which were at first regarded as haunts 
of disease and mortality, have since become healthy. 
Wherever the ' bottoms' arc wide, the forest deep, 
the surface level and sloping back from the river, and 
the vegetation rank — wherever the rivers overflow, 
and leave stagnate waters that are only carried off by 
evaporation — wherever there are in the ' bottoms,* 
ponds and lagoons to catch and retain the rains, and 
the overflow, it may be assumed as a general maxim 



CLIMATE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 25 

that such places are unhealthy. Emigrants have 
scarcely ever paused long enough, or taken sufficient 
care in selecting their residences as a place of salu- 
brity. A deep ' bottom,' a fertile soil, the margin of 
some navigable stream, are apt to be the determining 
elements of their choice. The forest is levelled, hun- 
dreds of trees moulder and putrify about the cabin, 
the stagnate waters which, while shielded from the 
action of the sun by the forest, had remained com- 
paratively innoxious, exposed now to the burning rays 
of the sun, and rendered more deleterious by being 
filled with trunks and branches of decaying trees, 
and all kinds of putrid vegetation, become laborato- 
ries of miasma, and generate on every side the seeds 
of disease. When it is known, that such have been 
precisely the circumstances in which a great portion 
of the emigrants to the western country have fixed 
themselves, in open cabins, that drink in the humid 
atmosphere of the night, through a hundred crevices, 
in a new and untried climate, under a higher tem- 
perature, a new diet and regimen, and perhaps, un- 
der the depressing influence of severe labor and ex- 
posure, need we wonder, that the country has ac- 
quired a character of unhealthiness. Yet, where 
the forest is cleared away, and the land has been foi 
a sufficient time under cultivation, and is sufficiently 
remote from stagnate waters, generally may be con- 
sidered as healthy as any other country. It is a very 
trite, but a true and important remark, that in pro- 
portion as the country becomes opened, cultivated, 
and peopled — in proportion as the redundance and 
rankness of natural vegetation is replaced by that of 
cultivation, the country becomes more healthy." 
Dr. Drake remarks — " The diseases of this portion 

a 



26 CLIMATE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 

of the great valley are few, and prevail chiefly m 
summer and autumn. They are the offspring of the 
combined action of intense heat and marsh exhala- 
tion. Those who migrate from a colder climate to 
the southern Mississippi states, should observe the 
following directions. 1st. To arrive there in autumn, 
instead of spring or summer. 2d. If practicable, to 
spend the hottest part of the first two or three years 
in a higher latitude. 3d. To select the healthiest 
situation. 4th. To live temperately. 5th. To pre- 
serve a regular habit. liastly. To avoid the heat of 
the sun, from ten in the morning till four in the after- 
noon ; and above all the night air. By a strict at- 
tention to these rules, many would esca})e the diseases 
of the climate, who annually sink under its baneful 
influence." 

Mr. Peck observes — " The same causes for disease 
exist in Ohio as in Missouri ; in Michigan as in llli- 
nois ; in Kentucky and Tennessee as in Indiana. 
All those states are more infested with maladies which 
depend on variations of temperature, than the states 
farther south. All have localities where intermittcnts 
and agues are found, and all possess extensive districts 
of country where health is enjoyed, by a large pro- 
portion of emigrants. There is some difference be- 
tween a heavily timbered and a prairie country, in 
favor of the latter, other circumstances being equal. 
Changes, favorable to continued health, arc produced 
by the settlements and cultivation of the country. 
In fine, I am prepared to give my opinion, decidedly, 
in favor of this country and climate. I would not 
certainly be answerable for all the bad locations, the 
imprudence and whims of all classes of emigrants, 
which may operate unfavorable to health." 



PUBLIC LANDS. 27 



PUBLIC LANDS. 

All the lands owned by the United States are 
surveyed under one system. The General Land Of- 
fice is established at Washington city.- Several of- 
fices, each under the direction of a surveyor general, 
have been established from time to time. The ofnce 
for the surveys of all public lands in Ohio, Michigan, 
and Indiana, is located at Cincinnati. The one for 
the states of Illinois and Missouri, is at St. Louis. 
Another recently established for the Territories of 
Wisconsin and Iowa, is located at Du Buquc. These 
tracts are subdivided into Land Districts, having an 
office attached to each. Meridian lines are es- 
tablished and surveyed in a line due north from some 
imjDortant point, generally from the junction of some 
important water courses. These are intersected at 
right angles with a base line. On the meridians, the 
" townships" are numbered north or south from the 
base lines, and on the base line " ranges" east or west 
of the meridian. The numbers of "ranges" are 
placed on the accompanying map, in Roman charac- 
ters. There are six 'principal meridians used in the 
western states and territories. 

The first jirincipal meridian is a line due north 
from the mouth of the Great Miami river, to the old 
northern boundary of Ohio, with a base line extend- 
mg due east on the 41st degree of latitude. 

The second principal meridian is a line due north 
from a point on the Ohio river to the northern boun- 
dary of Indiana. 

The third principal meridian is a line due north 
from the 'unction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, 



28 PUBLIC LANDS. 

to the north boundary of Illinois. The base hne for 
the second and third principal meridians commences 
on the Ohio river, at 38° 30' north latitude, and ex- 
tends due west to the Mississippi. 

The fourth 'principal meridian commences on the 
Illinois river, at a point 72 miles due north from its 
mouth, (here also commences its base line, and runs 
due west to the Mississippi river.) The meridian 
continues north (crossing and recrossing the Miss- 
issippi river,) to the Wisconsin river, with an addi- 
tional base line on the north boundary of lilinoii^, foi 
the surveys in Wisconsin. 

The fifth principal meridian is a line beginning at 
the mouth of the Arkansas river ; thence through the 
states of Arkansas and Missouri, to town 54° north, 
where it crosses the Mississippi, recrosses into Iowa ter- 
ritory, and continues to the Mississippi river, near Cass- 
ville. Its base line extends due west from the mouth 
of White river to the western boundary of Arkansas. 

A sixth principal meridian is used for the state of 
Michigan, beginning on the south boundary of the 
State, in a due north direction from the junction of 
ihe Maumee and Au Glaize rivers, to the straits of 
Mackinac, having a base line crossing the peninsula 
in a due west line from about the center of Lake 
St. Clair to Lake Michigan. 

When a meridian and base line have been laid out, 
township lines are run (at a distance of 6 miles) paral- 
lel to the meridian and base lines. These form town- 
ships of 6 miles square, containing an area of 36 square 
miles. Each square mile is termed a section, and 
contains 640 acres. The sections are numbered 
from 1 to 36, beginning at the north-east corner of 
the township, as in the following diagram : 



PUBLIC LANDS. 



29 



6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


18 


17 


* 


15 


14 


13 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


30 


29 


28 


27 


26 


25 


31 


32 


33 


34 


35 


36 



Sections are divided in quarter sections of 160 
acres each, thus : 



Sections are divided into half quarter sections of 
80 acres each, thus : 



When surveyed, the lands are offered for sale at 
jmblic auction, but cannot be disposed of at a less 
price than one dollar and a quarter per acre. That 
portion not sold at public auction is subject to private 
entry at any time, for the above price, payable in 
cash at the time of entry. 

Pre-emption rights only give the improver or pos- 
sessor the privilege of purchasing at the minimum 
price. 

* The sixteenth section is appropriated for the use of schools 
in the township. 

3* 



so OHIO. 



OHIO. 



Ohio is bounded north by the State of Michigan 
and Lake Erie, east by Pennsylvania, south-east and 
south by the Ohio river, which separates it from Vir- 
ginia and Kentucky, and west by Indiana. Length 
222 miles. Mean breadth 200 miles, containing 
44,400 square miles. 

Face of the Country, SfC. — The northern parts of 
the state bordering on Lake Erie, and the interior, 
are generally level, and in some places wet and 
marshy. The eastern and south-eastern parts, near 
the Ohio river, are very uneven, though often rising 
into very abrupt and broken hills — this section can- 
not properly be termed mountainous. On the mar- 
gin of the Ohio, and several of its tributaries, are 
strips of alluvial of great fertility. The valleys of 
the Sciota and the Great and Little Miami, are the 
most extensive sections of level, rich and fertile lands, 
in the state. ^ In a state of nature Ohio was, with the 
exception of some central prairies, covered with a 
dense forest, to which the fertility of the soil gave a 
stupendous development. The most extensive prairies 
are found on the head waters of the Muskingum and 
Sciota ; also near the sources of the Miami river, 
and the north-western parts of the state. The forest 
trees most abundant are, the oak of several species, 
black and white walnut, hickory, maple of different 
.kinds, ash of various species, beech, birch and poplar, 
sycamore, linden, chestnut, locust, elm, buck-eye, with 
numerous others. The undergrowth are black-haw, 
dog-wood, horn-beam, iron-wood, thorn, and grape- 
vines. The prairies produce large quantities of grass. 



omo. 31 

All varieties of fruit trees are easily cultivated. The 
agricultural productions are, wheat, rye, Indian corn, 
oats, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, and all kinds of gar- 
den vegetables ; considerable attention of late has been 
paid to the cultivation of hemp and tobacco. The 
raising of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine for expor- 
tation, engages the attention of a large proportion of 
the farmers. 

Rivers, SfC. — The principal rivers in Ohio, besides 
the great and beautiful river which gives its name to 
the state, and forms part of its eastern and its entire 
southern boundary, are the Mahoning, Beaver, Mus- 
kingum, Hockhocking, Scioto, and Little and Great 
Miami, which flow south into the Ohio river. Those 
which flow northward into Lake Erie are the Mau- 
mee, Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Cuyahoga, Grand, 
and Ashtabula. Lake Erie forms the northern boun- 
dary of the state for 160 miles, and is navigable for 
the largest vessels. 

Form of Government, — The Legislative authority 
is vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, 
both of which collectively, are styled the General 
Assembly. The representatives are chosen for one 
year, and for eligibility must be a citizen of the Uni- 
ted States, and 25 years of age, having resided in the 
state one year, and paid a tax. Their number must 
never exceed 72, nor be less than 36. The Senate 
is composed of members elected for two years, who 
must not exceed one-half nor fall short of one-third, 
of the number in the House of Representatives. A 
senator must be a citizen of the United States, 3C 
years of age, and have resided two years in the dia 
trict from which he is chosen. The General Assert 
bly has the sole power of enacting all the State lawt . 



82 OHIO. 

the assent or signature of the governor not being 
necessary in any case whatever. The quahfications 
of an elector, are, to be one year a resident of the 
State, 21 years of age, and a citizen of the United 
States. 

The judiciary system comprises three several 
grades of courts, namely ; the supreme court, courts 
of common pleas, and justices' courts. 

The supreme executive authority is vested m a 
governor chosen biennally by the people. He must 
be 30 years of age, and have resided in the state at 
least four years. He is commander-in-chief of the 
militia, and commissions all officers in the state* 
both civil and military. 

COUNTIES IN THE STATE OF OHIO. 

Adams Co. contains about 550 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil various. The Ohio forms its entire 
southern boundary, and Brush Creek passes through 
its center. Pop. in 1840, 13,183. West Union "is 
the county seat. 

Allen Co. contains 554 square miles, on the divi- 
ding ridge of the waters of the St. Lawrence and the 
Mississippi ; soil fertile. Pop. 1840, 9,079. Lima is 
the county seat. 

Ashtabula Co., on Lake Erie, contains about 700 
square miles ; soil good. Principal streams are 
Grand river, Ashtabula and Conneaut creeks. Pop. 
1840, 23,724. Jefferson is the county seat. 

Athens Co. contains 740 square miles ; surface 
broken ; soil well adapted to gram, &;c. Principal 
streams. Hock hocking river, and Raccoon Creek. 
Pop. 1840, 19,109. Athens is the county seat. 



OHIO. 33 

Bellemont Co. contams 536 square miles ; sur- 
face very hilly. The Ohio river forms its entire 
eastern boundary. Indian Wheeling, and Captina 
creeks, drain its 'surface. Pop. 1840, 30,901. St. 
Clairsville is the county seat. 

Brown Co. contains 470 square miles; surface un- 
dulating, soil good. Ohio river on its southern bor- 
der. Little Miami river. Eagle, Straight, and White 
Oak creeks are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 
22,715. Georgetown is the county seat. 

Butler Co. contains 480 square miles ; soil first 
rate. Drained by the Great Miami and tributaries. 
The Miami canal crosses it in a northerly direction. 
Pop. 1840, 28,173. Hamilton is the county seat. 

Carroll Co. contains about 400 square miles ; soil 
good for wheat, &c. Drained by the Sandy, Co- 
noten, and the north fork of Yellow Creek. Car- 
rollton is the county seat. Pop. 1840, 18,108. 

Champaign Co. contains 349 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil excellent. Principal streams, Mad 
river, and Stony Creek. Pop. 1840, 16,721. Ur- 
bana is the county seat. 

Clark Co. contains 400 square miles ; a fine ag- 
ricultural county. Drained by the Mad river and 
the higher branches of the Little Miami. Pop. 1840, 
16,883. Springfield is the county seat. 

Clermont Co. contains about 450 square miles. 
The Ohio river washes its southern, and the Little 
Miami its western border. Drained centrally Dy the 
east fork of Little Miami. Pop. 1840, 23,106. Ba- 
tavia is the county seat. 

Clinton Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
level, prairie and woodland. Drained by many small 
streams, principally tributaries of the Little Miami. 



34 



OHIO. 



Pop. 1840, 15,719. Wilmington is the county 
seat. 

Columbiana Co., area 750 square miles ; surface 
hilly. Principal streams, Little Beaver and branch- 
es, furnishing many fine mill seats. Pop. 1840, 
40,378. New Lisbon is the county seat. 

Coshocton Co. contains 562 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil fertile. Muskingum, Tuscarawas, and 
Walhonding rivers, and Kilbuck Creek, are the prin- 
cipal water courses. Pop. 1840, 21,590. Coshoc- 
ton is the county seat. 

Crawford Co., area 540 square miles ; surface 
level. Drained by the Sandusky and branches. Pop. 
1840, 13,152. Bucyrus is the county seat. 

Cuyahoga Co., on Lake Erie, containing about 
480 square miles ; soil generally good. Drained by 
the Chagrin, Cuyahoga, and Rocky rivers. Pop. 
1840, 20,506. Cleveland, the seat of justice, and 
an incorporated city, is situated on Lake Erie, on 
the east side of the Cuyahoga river. It is chiefly 
built upon a plain about 80 feet above the lake ; it is 
very regularly laid out, with wide streets. The har- 
bor has been improved by the U. S. Government by 
extending piers into the lake about 1,200 feet on each 
side of the river ; its location at the northern termi- 
nation of the Ohio canal renders it a very important 
place both for inland and lake navigation. The Ohio 
canal was commenced in 1825, and completed in 
1832 — extends from Cleveland to Portsmouth, on the 
Ohio river, a distance of 309 miles ; has 152 locks, 
and lockage to the amount of 12,050 feet. The sum- 
mit level is 305 feet above Lake Erie, and is 499 
above the Ohio river. 

Cleveland contains a court-house, a jail, 7 church- 



OHIO. 35 

es, and 2 banks. The population in 1825 was 500 ; 
1830, 1,000 ; 1840, 6,071 ; and at the present time 
estimated at 7,000. Distance, 139 miles from Co- 
lumbus, 130 from Pittsburgh, 170, by water, from 
Buffalo, and 359 from Washington city. 

Dark Co., area about 675 square miles ; surface 
level, prairie and woodland; soil productive. 
Drained by the tributaries of the Great Miami. 
Pop. 1840, 13,282. Greenville is the county seat. 

Delaware Co. contains about 576 square miles ; 
soil generally good. Sciota and Olentangy rivers, 
and Alum and Walnut creeks drain its surface. 
Pop. 1840, 22,060. Delaware is the county seat, 

Erie Co., on Lake Erie, contains about 150 square 
miles ; soil productive. Principal stream. Pipe creek. 
Huron is the county seat. Pop. 1840, 12,599. 

Fairfield Co., area 540 square miles ; surface 
generally uneven ; some prairie ; soil productive. 
Drained by the Hockhocking and some small tribu- 
taries of the Sciota. Pop. 1840, 31,924. Lancas- 
ler is the county seat. 

Fayette Co. contains about 415 square miles ; sur- 
face level ; soil productive. Deer and Paint creeks 
are the principal water courses. Pop. 1840, 10,984. 
Washington is the county seat. 

Franklin Co., area 530 square miles ; surface level ; 
soil good on the streams. Drained by the Sciota and 
branches. Pop. 1840, 25,049. Columbus is the co. 
s:at. Columbus, the capital of the state, is situated on 
the east Hank of the Sciota, just below its junction 
with the Olentangy. The streets run north and south, 
and east and west, and are from 80 to 120 ft. in width ; 
it contains the state-house, penitentiary, asylum for 
the deaf and dumb, a market-house, two banks, a 



36 OHIO. 

theological seminary, five churches, and thirteen ho. 
tels. Pop. 1840, 6,048. 

Gallia Co. contains 400 square miles ; curface 
hilly. The Ohio river forms its eastern boundary. 
Drained centrally by Raccoon creek. Pop. 1840, 
13,444. Gallipolis is the county seat. 

Geauga Co., on Lake Erie, contains 600 square 
miles ; soil fertile. Principal stream, Cuyahoga riv- 
er. Pop. 1840, 16,297. Chardon is the county seat. 

Green Co. contains about 350 square miles ; sur- 
face undulating and abounding in fine mill streams. 
Little Miami and Mad rivers are the principal water 
courses. Pop. 1840,17,528. Xenia is the county seat. 

Guernsey Co. contains about 600 square miles ; 
surface hilly ; soil fertile. Drained principally by 
Wills creek. Pop. 1840, 27,748. Cambridge is 
the county seat. 

Hamilton Co. contains about 375 square miles ; 
soil good quality. The Ohio river forms its southern 
and the Little Miami river its eastern boundary. The 
Great Miami passes through the 'vestern part of the 
county. Pop. 1840, 80.145. Cincinnati is the county 
seat. Cincinnati is the largest commercial city in 
the west, and the 6th in point of population in the U. 
States. It is beautifully situated on the north bank 
of the Ohio river, on two plains, the upper rising by 
a steep ascent 50 feet above the lower, which is ele- 
vated about 60 feet above the river at low water. 
The shores of the Ohio at this point afibrd good 
landing for boats at all seasons of the year ; the 
descent to the river is by a paved area, at the foot of 
which, steam vessels are moored, and discharge their 
cargoes on floating wharves, which are rendered ne- 
ces-^ary by the frequent and rapid fluctuations of the 



OHIO. 37 

nver. The city, except on the margin of the river, 
is laid out by streets and alleys crossing each other 
at right angles. The principal public buildings 
are, a court-house, jail, hospital, lunatic asylum, 
4 market houses, a college, and medical college, 
lyceum, atheneum, mechanics' institute, theater, 2 
museums, 43 churches, a high school, several com- 
mon schools, banking houses, &;c. Cincinnati is a 
desirable and healthy residence at all seasons of the 
year. It v/as first laid outm 1789. In 1795, it was 
an inconsiderable village, containing only 500 inhab- 
itants. In 1800, it contained 750 ; in 1810, 2,540 ; 
in 1820, 9,642 ; in 1826, 16,230 ; in 1830, 24,831 ; 
in 1840, 46,338. It is distant from Columbus, 112 
miles ; Sandusky city, 200 ; Cleveland, 250 ; Indi- 
anapolis, 120 ; Frankfort, 85 ; Nashville, 270 ; Nat- 
chez, 680; New.Orleans, 860; St. Louis, 350; 
Louisville, 105 ; Baltimore, 518 ; Philadelphia, 617 ; 
Washington city, 500 ; New- York, by way of Lake 
Erie, 900 ; and from Charleston, 600 miles. 

Hancock Co., containing 576 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil good. Drained by Blanchard's and 
Portage rivers. Pop. 1840, 9,986. Findlay is the 
county seat. 

Hardin Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface 
level, soil very good. Drained principally by the 
Sciota river. Pop. 1840, 4,598. Kenton is the coun- 
ty seat. 

Harrison Co. contains 365 square miles ; surface 
hilly. Drained by the tributaries of the Ohio and 
Tuscarawas rivers. Pop. 1840, 20,099. Cadiz is 
the county seat. 

Henry Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
level, soil rich. Drained by the Maumee river and 



38 OHIO. 

tributaries. Pop. 1840, 2,503. Napoleon is the 
county seat. 

Highland Co. contains 500 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil good for wheat, &c. Drained by many 
small streams, affording good mill sites. Pop. 1840, 
22,269. Hillsboro is the county seat. 

Hocking Co. contains 410 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil productive. Drained by the Hockhocking 
river, and Raccoon and Salt Creeks. Pop. 1840, 
9,741. Logan is the county seat. 

Holmes Co. contains 312 square miles ; soil good. 
Principal streams, Killbuck and Mohican Creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 18,088. Millersburgh is the county seat. 

Huron Co. contains 625 square miles ; toil pro- 
ductive. Principal streams, Huron and Vermillion 
rivers. Pop. 1840, 23,933. Norwalk is the county 
seat. 

Jackson Co. contains 480 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil productive. Drained by a few small 
streams. Pop. 1840, 9,744. Jackson is the c^^unty 
seat. 

Jefferson Co. contains 396 square miles ; surface 
uneven, soil fertile. Drained by Cross, Short, and 
Yellow creeks, furnishing good mill sites. Pop 
1840, 25,030. Steubenville is the county seat. 

Knox Co. contains about 675 square miles ; sur- 
face very hilly, soil various. Drained principally by 
the Vernon river, a fine mill stream. Pop. 1840, 
29,579. Mount Vernon is the county seat. 

Lawrence Co. contains about 396 square miles ; 
surface very hilly, soil various. Drained by the In- 
dian Guyandot, and Symmes' creeks. The Ohio 



OHIO. 3d 

river forms its southern boundary. Pop, 1840, 
9,738. Burlington is the county seat. 

Licking Co. contains 650 square miles; surface 
undulating, soil first rate. Drained by liicking 
Creek, a good mill stream. Pop. 1840, 35,096. 
Newark is the county seat. 

Logan Co. contains about 360 square miles ; sur- 
iace level, soil fertile. Drained principally by Mad 
river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 14,015. Bellefon- 
taine is the county seat. 

Lorain Co., (on Lake Erie,) contains 560 square 
miles ; soil rich. Drained by Black river and Bea- 
ver Creek. Pop. 1840, 18,467. Elyria is the coun- 
ty seat. 

Lucas Co. contains about 600 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil good. Principal stream the Maumee 
river. Pop. 1840, 9,382. Toledo is the county seat. 

Madison Co. contains about 380 square miles, soil 
good. Drained principally by Darby and Deer 
creeks. Pop. 1840, 9,025. New-London is the 
county seat. 

Marion Co. contains about 460 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil first rate. Drained principally by the 
Scioto and branches. Pop. 1840, 14,765. Marion 
is the county seat. 

Medina Co. contains 475 square miles ; surface 
high, soil excellent. Drained by the Tuscarawas, 
Black and Rocky rivers. Pop. 1840, 18,352. Me- 
dina is the county seat. 

Meigs Co. contains about 425 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly. The Ohio river forms its south-eastern 
boundary. Leading and Shade creeks drain its sur 
face. Pop. 1840, 11,452. Chester is the county seat. 

Mercer Co. contains 580 square miles ; surface 



40 OHIO. 

level, soil very rich. Drained by the St. Mary's and 
Wabash rivers. Pop. 1840, 8,277. St. Mary's is 
the county seat. 

Miami Co. contains 432 square niiles ; soil very 
good. Watered by the Miami and tributaries. Pop. 
1840, 19,688, Troy is the county seat. 

Monroe Co. contains 520 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil fertile. The Ohio forms its eastern boun- 
dary, drained by the little Muskitigum, Duck, and 
Sunfish creeks. Pop. 1840, 18,521. Woodfield is 
the county seat. 

Montgomery Co. contains about 450 square miles ; 
surface level, soil good. Streams, Great Miami, and 
its tributaries. Pop. 1840, 31,938. Daytcn is the 
county seat. 

Morgan Co. contains about 460 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil fertile. The Muskingum flows through 
the county from north to south. Pop. 1840, 20,852. 
M'Connellsville is the county seat. 

Muskingum Co. contains 650 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil productive. Principal streams, Mus- 
kingum river and branches. Pop. 1840, 38,749. 
Zanesville is the county seat. It is a large and 
flourishing town. 

Paulding Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface 
level, soil good. Principal streams, Au Glaize and 
Maum.ee rivers. Pop. 1840, 1,034. Paulding is the 
county seat. 

Perry Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil good. Drained by small tributaries of the 
Hockhocking and Muskingum rivers. Pop. 1840, 
19,344. Somerset is the county seat. 

Pickaway Co. contains about 470 square miles ; 
surface generally level, soil first rate. Sciota river 



OHIO. 41 

is the principal water course ; Darby, Deer, and Lit- 
tle Walnut creeks are its tributaries. Pop. 1840t 
19,725. Circleville is the county seat. 

Pike Co. contains about 421 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil good. The Sciota passes through it 
from north to south. Pop. 1840, 7,626. Piketon is 
the county seat. 

Portage Co. contains 750 square miles ; surface 
high, soil very productive. Drained by the head 
waters of the Cuyahoga, Mahoning, and Tuscarawas 
rivers. Pop. 1840, 22,965. Ravenna is the county 
seat. 

Preble Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface 
level, and gently rolling, soil first rate. Drained by 
Franklin, Four Mile, and St. Clair creeks. Pop. 
1840, 19,482. Eaton is the county seat. 

Putnam Co. contains 376 square miles ; principal 
streams, are the Au Glaize and tributaries. Pop, 
1840, 5,189. Kalida is the county seat. 

Richland Co. contains 900 square miles ; surface 
generally rolling, soil first rate. Drained principally 
by Mohican Creek and branches. Pop. 1840, 44,532. 
Mansfield is the county seat. 

Ross Co. contains about 650 square miles ; surface 
various, soil very fertile. Principal streams, the Sci- 
ota and branches. Pop. 1840, 27,460. Chillicothe is 
the county seat. 

Sandusky Co. contains 320 square miles ; surface 
even, soil productive. Principal streams are Portage 
and Sandusky rivers. Pop. 1840, 10,182. Lower 
Sandusky is the county seat. 

Sciota Co. contains about 600 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil good. The Ohio river forms its 
southern boundary, and the Sciota passes through it 



4^ OHIO. 

from north to south. Pop. 1840,11,192. Portsmouth 
is the county seat, a large and flourishing place, at 
the junction of the Sciota with the Ohio, and the 
southern termination of the Ohio Canal. 

Seneca Co. contains 540 square miles ; surface 
level, soil first quality. The Sandusky river passes 
through it from south to north. Pop. 1840, 18,128. 
Tiffin is the county seat. 

Shelby Co. contains 350 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil good. Drained by the Miami and 
branches. Pop. 1840, 12,154. Sidney is the county 
seat. 

Stark Co. contains about 650 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil very good. Drained by the ' Tusca- 
rawas and branches. Pop. 1840, 34,603. Canton 
is the county seat. 

Trumbull Co. contains 875 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil productive. Drained principally by the 
Mahoning river. Pop. 1840, 38,107. Warren is 
the county seat. 

Tuscarawas Co. contains 650 square miles ; soil 
good. The Tuscarawas river passes through the 
county in a southerly direction. Pop. 1840, 25,631. 
New-Philadelphia is the county seat. 

Union Co. contains 450 square miles ; surface level, 
soil excellent. Drained by some small branches of the 
Sciota river. Pop, 1840, 8,423. Marysville is the 
county seat. 

Van Wert Co. contains 432 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil first rate. Streams, St. Mary's and 
Little Au Glaize rivers. Pop. 1840, 1,577. Van Wert 
is the county seat. 

Warren Co. contains about 400 square miles ; 
surface undulating, soil excellent. Streams — the 



OHIO. 43 

Miami passes its north-western corner, and the Lit- 
tle Miami passes through the county from the north 
to the south. Pop. 1840, 23,141. Lebanon is the 
county seat. 

Washington Co. contains about 715 square miles ; 
surface generally hilly, soil good. The Ohio river 
forms its entire south-eastern boundary, and the Mus- 
kingum meanders through the county. Pop. 1840, 
20,823. Marietta is the county seat, and the first 
permanent settlement made in Ohio, situated at the 
junction of the Muskingum with the Ohio river. 

Wayne Co. contains 720 square miles ; surface 
generally level, soil extremely fertile. Principal 
streams. Lake fork of the Mohican, Chippewa, Kill- 
buck, and Sugar creeks. Pop. 1840, 35,808. Woos- 
ter is the county seat. 

Williams Co. contains about 650 square miles ; 
surface undulating, soil rich. Principal streams, 
Maumee, St. Joseph, and Tiftin rivers. Pop. 1840, 
4,465 Defiance is the county seat. 

Wood Co. contains about 590 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil good. The Maumee river passes 
along its north-eastern boundary, and Portage river 
through the south-eastern part of the county. Pop. 
1840, 5,357. Perrysburgh is the county seat. 

Lake Co., situated in the northeast part of the state, 
and contains 220 square miles. Watered by Grand 
and Chagrin rivers. Lake Erie lies on its northwest 
border. Capital, Painesville. Pop. 1840, 13,719. 

OUowa Co., situated in the northeast part of the 
state, and contains 350 square miles. Drained by 
Portage and Toussaint rivers. It has Lake Erie on 
the north. Surface level ; soil fertile. Capital, Port 
Clinton. Pop. 1840, 2,248. 



14 OHIO. 

Summit Co., situaied in the northeast part of the 
state, and contains 422 square miles. Surface un- 
dulating ; soil generally fertile. Drained by Cuya- 
hoga and Tuscarawas rivers. Capital, Akron. Pop. 
1840, 22,560. 

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 

The Ohio canal extends from Cleveland, on Lake 
Erie, to Portsmouth, on the Ohio river, 309 miles. 
Total length, including its navigable side-cuts, 334 
miles. This canal has 152 locks, and the lockage 
amounts to 12,650 feet. Cost $5,000,000. 

The Miami canal is to extend from Cin6innati to 
Defiance, where it is to join the Wabash and Erie 
canal. Length 178 miles, 145 miles of which are 
finished. 

The Wabash and Erie canal, 91 miles to the In- 
diana state line. (See Indiana.) 

The Walhonding canal extends from the Ohio ca- 
nal at Roscoe, 25 miles up the Walhonding river. 

The Warren county canal extends from Middle- 
town, on the Miami canal, to Lebanon. Length 
22 miles. 

The Pennsylvania and Ohio canal connects the 
Pennsylvania canal with the Ohio canal at Akron. 
Length 88 miles. 

The Sandy and Beaver canal, designed to connect 
the Ohio canal at Bolivar, with the Ohio river at 
the mouth of Little Beaver creek. Length 76 miles. 

Mad river and Lake Erie railroad to extend from 
Dayton to Sandusky city, 153 miles. Finished from 
Tiffin to Sandusky city, 36 miles. 

Sandusky city and Monroeville railroad. Lenartb 
16 miles. 



INDIANA. 45 



INDIANA. 

The State of Indiana is bounded on the north by 
the Lake an.l State of Michigan ; east by the State 
of Ohio ; south by the Ohio river, which separates it 
from Kentucky ; and west by the State of Ilhnois. 
Length 260, breadth 150 miles ; containing an area 
of 37,800 square miles. Pop. 1840, 685,866. 

Face of the Country, Sj'C. — Indiana is in no part 
mountainous ; that portion bordering on the Ohio, 
contains much broken, hilly land. The interior part 
— the valleys of the East and Westforks of White 
river, present a gentle, undulating country, generally 
timbered, with occasional strips of rich bottom land 
on the margin of the streams. The valley of the 
Wabash, in the lower part, is an undulating surface 
of forest and prairie ; north of Terre Haute, the land 
is of the first quality, fine forest, occasionally opening 
into beautiful and fertile prairies. On the St. Joseph's, 
and across to the head waters of the Maumee, are 
extensive wet and dry prairies, and heavily timbered 
lands, with a soil of exhaustless fertility. On the 
shore of Lake Michigan are sand hills, and along the 
Kankakee are extensive swamps and marshes. The 
kinds of timber most abundant are, oaks of various 
species, ash, beech, buckeye, walnut, cherry, sugar 
tree, hickory, elm, sassafras, linden, honey-locust, 
with some cotton wood, sycamore, hackberry and 
mulberry. The principal productions are wheat, rye, 
Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, and 
all kinds of garden vegetables. 

Rivers. — The Ohio meanders along the entire 
southern boundary of the state. The east and west 



46 INDIANA. 

forks of White river, and their branches, drain the 
interior counties for an extent of 200 miles, and are 
navigable for flat-boats, during the seasons of floods, 
a distance of 100 miles from their mouths. The 
Wabash river is navigable for steamboats to La 
Fayette ; it interlocks with the head waters of the 
St. Joseph's and the Maumee. The main branch 
rises in Ohio, and after a meandering course of more 
than 200 miles, becomes the boundary between the 
states of Indiana and Illinois, which it forms for a 
distance of 120 miles, when it unites with the Ohio 
river. 

Form of Government, Sf'C, — The constitution pro- 
vides that a census shall be made every 5 yefeirs of all 
free white male inhabitants, above the age of twenty- 
one years ; and the representation of both houses of 
the General Assembly is apportioned by such enu- 
meration, in such ratio, that the number of represen- 
tatives shall never be less than thirty-six, nor exceed 
one hundred ; and the number of senators not ex 
ceeding one-half, nor less than one-third the numbei 
of representatives. Every free white male citizen, 
twenty-one years of age, who has resided in the 
state one year, is entitled to vote, " except such as 
shall be enlisted into the army of the United States, 
or their allies." Elections annually by ballot, on 
the first Monday in August. 

The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Sena- 
tors, hold their office for three years. 

The Judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, in 
Circuit Courts, and in such other inferior Courts as 
the General Assembly shall, from time to time, direct 
and establish. 



fNDIANA. 47 



COUNTIES IN THE STATE OF INDIANA. 

Adams Co. contains about 336 square miles ; soil 
good. Principal streams, the St. Mary's and the 
Wabash rivers. Pop. 1840,2,264. Capital, Decatur. 

A lien Co. contains 650 square miles ; surface level, 
soil rich. The St. Joseph's from the north, and the 
St. Mary's from the south, join at Fort Wayne, and 
form the Maumee, which empties into Lake Erie. 
Drained on the west by the Little river, a branch of 
the Wabash. Pop. 1840, 5,942. Fort Wayne is 
the county seat. 

Bartholomew Co. contains 396 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil generally fertile. Principal streams, 
the east fork of White river and tributaries. Pop. 
1840, 10,042. Columbus is the county seat. « 

Blackford Co. contains 182 square miles ; sui face 
level, soil good. The Salamanie river passes throusjh 
the northern part of the county. Pop. 1840, 1,226. 
Capital, Blackford. 

Boone Co. contains 408 square miles; surface 
level, soil productive. Drained principally by Sugar 
and Eagle creeks. Pop. 1840, 8,121. Lebanon is 
the county seat. 

Brown Co. contains 310 square miles; surface 
hilly, soil excellent. Drained by Salt creek and 
branches. Pop. 2,364. Nashville is the county seat. 

Carroll Co. contains 380 square miles ; surface 
level, soil rich, woodland and prairie. Streams, Tip- 
pecanoe and Wabash rivers. Deer and Wild-cat 
creeks. Pop. 1840, 7,819. Delphi is the county 
seat. 

Cass Co. contains 415 squarcmiles ; surface level, 



48 INDIANA. 

soil desirable for cultivation. Eel river falls into the 
Wabash at Logansport, which passes through the 
county in a westerly direction. Pop. 1840, 5,480. 
Logansport, the county seat, contains 6 churches, 
12 stores, and 1,500 inhabitants. 

Clarke Co. contains 400 square miles; surface 
rolling and hilly. The Ohio river forms its south- 
eastern boundary. Drained by Fourteen Mile and 
Silver creeks. Pop. 1840, 14,595. Charleston is 
the county seat. 

Clay Co. contains 360 square miles ; surface 
generally level. Principal stream, Eel river and 
branches. Pop. 1840, 5,567. Bowling Green is 
the county seat. 

Clinton Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface 
level, soil fertile, some prairie land. Drained by the 
Sugar and Wild-cat creeks and branches. Pop. 1840, 
7,508. Frankfort is the county seat. 

Crawford Co. contains about 300 square miles ; 
surface hilly. The Ohio forms part of its southern, 
and the Big Blue river its eastern boundary. Drain- 
ed centrally by the Little Blue river. Pop. 1840, 
5,282. Fredonia is the county seat. 

Daviess Co. contains 420 square miles ; surface 
undulating, with some prairie land. The east fork 
of White river forms its southern, and the west fork 
its western boundary. Pop. 1840, 6,720. Wash- 
ington is the county seat. 

Dearborn Co. contains about 380 square miles ; 
surface hilly, soil rich. The Ohio forms its eastern 
boundary. Principal streams, the Great Miami and 
White water rivers, Hogan's, Laughery, and Tan- 
ner's creeks. Pop. 1840, 19,327. Lawrenceburg, 
a growing and important town, is the county seat. 



INDIANA. 49 

Decatur Co. contains about 340 square miles ; 
surface undulating, soil fertile. Clifty, Flat Rock, 
and Sand creeks, are good mill streams. Pop. 
1840. 12,171. Greensburg is the county seat. 

De Kalb Co. contains 365 square miles ; surface 
level, woodland and wet prairie. Streams, St. Jo- 
seph's river and Cedar creek, and branches. Pop. 
1840, 1,968. Auburn is the county seat. 

Delaware Co. contains 384 square miles ; surface 
level, soil productive. Streams, Mississinewa and 
west fork of White river. Pop. 1840, 8,843. Mun- 
cietown is the county seat. 

Dubois Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil fertile. The east fork of White river 
forms part of its northern boundary, and the Potoka 
creek passes centrally through the county. Pop. 
1840, 3,632. The county seat is located at Jasper. 

Elkhart Co. contains 460 square miles ; surface 
level, with convenient proportions of prairie, oak 
openings, and forest land. The St. Joseph's of Lake 
Michigan, passes through the northern part of the 
county ; Elkhart and Little Elkhart are the other 
most important streams. Pop. 1840, 660. Goshen 
is the county seat. 

Fayette Co. contains 200 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil good. The west fork of the White 
water and branches, are the principal streams. Pop. 
1840, 9,837. Connersville is the county seat. 

Floyd Co. contains 144 square miles ; surface 
rather hilly. The Ohio forms its southeastern boun- 
dary. Drained centrally by the Big and Little In- 
dian creeks. Pop. 1840, 9,454. New Albany, the 
county seat, contains 9 churches, a bank, an insur- 
ance company, 2 academies, and 4,226 inhabitants. 
5 



so INI/iAhA. 

Fountain Co. contains 390 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil very good . The Wabash river forms 
its northwestern boundary. Coal and Shawnee 
creeks drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 11,218. 
Covington is the county seat. 

Franklin Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
generally level, soil fertile. The White water riv- 
er passes through the county. Pop. 1840, 13,349. 
Brookville is the county seat. 

Fulton Co. contains 350 square miles ; surface 
level. Tippecanoe river and branches are the prin- 
cipal water courses. Pop. 1840, 1,993. The 
county seat is located at Rochester. 

Gibson Co. contains 450 square miles ; surface 
rolling. The Wabash and White rivers form its 
western and northern boundary. Big Pigeon and Po- 
toka creeks are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 
8,977. Princeton is the county seat. 

Grant Co. contains 415 square miles; surface lev- 
el. The Mississinewa is the principal water course. 
Pop. 1840, 4,875. Marion is the county seat. 

Greene Co. contains 546 square miles ; surface 
generally level, soil rich. Principal stream, west 
fork of White river. Pop. 1840, 8,321. Bloom- 
field is the county seat. 

Hamilton Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
generally level. Principal streams, the west fork 
of White river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 9,855. 
Noblesville is the county seat. 

Hancock Co. contains 310 square miles ; surface 
generally level, soil good. Blue river, Brandywine 
and Sugar creeks, are the princ-ipal streams. Pop. 
1840, 7,535. Greenfield is the county seat. 

Harrison Co. contains 470 square miles ; surface 



INDIANA. 51 

rather hilly, soil good. The Ohio river forms its 
southern boundary. The Big Blue river, and Big 
and Little Indian creeks drain its surface. Pop. 
1840, 12,459. Corydon is the county seat. 

Hendricks Co. contains 380 square miles ; sur- 
face rolling, soil good. Drained by Eel river and 
Mill and White-lick creeks. Pop. 1840, 11,264. 
Danville is the county seat. 

Henry Co. contains 385 square miles ; surface 
generally level. Drained by Blue river, Fall and 
Flat Rock creeks. Pop. 1840, 15,128. Newcas- 
tle is the county seat. 

Huntington Co. contains 384 square miles ; sur- 
face undulating, soil very good. Little, Salamania, 
and Wabash rivers, are the water courses. Pop. 
1840, 1,579. Huntington is the county seat. 

Jackson Co. contains 500 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil good. East fork of White river and 
branches are the water courses. Pop. 1840, 8,961. 
Brownstovvn is the county seat. 

Jasper Co. contains 1,050 square miles; surface 
level, principally prairie. Iroquois river is the prin- 
cipal stream. Pop. 1840, 1,267. Capital, Rensselaer. 

Jay Co. contains 370 square miles ; surface level, 
soil good. Drained by the Salamania and Waba-jh 
rivers. Pop. 1840, 1,267. Capital, Portland. 

Jefferson Co. contains 360 square miles ; surface 
generally hilly, soil good. The Ohio river forms 
its southern boundary. Drained principally by the 
Muscatatack and Indian Kentucky creeks. Pop. 
1840, 16,614. Madison, on the north bank of the 
Ohio river, is the county seat. 

Jennings Co. contains 380 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil productive. Principal streams, Muscata- 



52 INDIANA. 

tack river and Sand creek. Pop. 1840, 8,829. 
Vernon is the county seat. 

Johnson Co. contains 320 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil fertile. Streams, east and west 
forks of White river, and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 
9,352. Franklin is the county seat. 

Knox Co. contains 540 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil generally very rich. The White 
river forms its southern and eastern boundary, and 
the Wabash its western. Pop. 1840, 10,657. Vin- 
cennes, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on 
the Wabash river, and is the oldest settlement in 
Indiana, founded by the French in 1690. 

Kosciusko Co. contains 567 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil fertile. Drained by Tippecanoe riv- 
er. Pop. 1840, 4,170. Warsaw is the county seat. 

La Grange Co. contains 380 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil rich. Drained by Fawn, Elkhart, and 
Pigeon rivers. Pop. 3,664. Lima is the county seat. 

Lake Co. contains 468 square miles ; surface va- 
rious, sand hills on the lake shore, and marshy on 
the streams, soil in some parts very rich. Lake 
Michigan forms its northern, and the Kankakee riv- 
er its southern boundary. Drained by the Calumic 
river. Capital, Crown Point. Pop. 1840, 1,468. 

La Porte Co. contains 460 square miles ; surface 
generally level, soil excellent. Drained by the 
Kankakee and branches, and Trail creek. Pop. 
1840, 8,184. La Porte is the county seat. 

Lawrence Co. contains 438 square miles; sur- 
face generally hilly. The east fork of White river 
and branches are the principal water courses. Pop. 
1840, 11,782. Bedford is the county seat. 

Madison Co. contains 390 square miles ; surface 



INDIANA. 53 

generally level, soil productive. The west fork of 
White river and tributaries are the principal streams. 
Pop. 1840, 8,874. Andersontown is the county seat. 

Marshall Co. contains 440 square miles ; surface 
level. Drained by the Yellow river. Pop. 1840, 
1,651. Plymouth is the county seat. 

Marion Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
level, soil excellent. Principal streams, west fork 
of White river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 16,080. 
Indianapolis, the capital of the state, and the county 
seat of Marion Co., is situated on the east bank of 
the west fork of White river, and very near the geo- 
graphical center of the state. It was located in 
1820, (the surface of the ground was then covered 
by a dense forest,) and surveyed and laid out in the 
spring of 1821. The public buildings are a state- 
house, a court-house, 6 churches, 2 banks, a female 
institute, a county seminary, and 2,692 inhabitants. 

Indianapolis is west from Cincinnati, 110 miles; 
from Louisville, 115 miles; and from Washington, 
D. C, 57a miles. 

Martin Co. contains 300 square miles ; surface 
generally hilly, soil productive. Principal stream, 
east fork of White river. Pop. 1840, 3,875. Mt. 
Pleasant is the county seat. 

Miami Co. contains 380 square miles; surface 
gently undulating, soil very excellent. The Eel 
and Wabash rivers pass through the county from 
east to west. Pop. 1840, 3,048. Peru is the 
county seat. 

Monroe Co. contains 420 square miles ; surface 
uneven. Drained by Bean-blossom and Clear creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 10,143. Bloomington is the county seat. 

Montgomery Co. contains 504 square miles ; sur- 
5* 



64 mciANA. 

face gently undulating, soil rich. Principal streams, 
Big Raccoon and Sugar creeks. Pop. 1840, 14,348. 
Crawfordsville is the county seat. 

Morgan Co. contains 453 square miles ; surface 
generally rolling, soil good. Streams, west fork of 
White river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 10,741. 
Martinsville is the county seat. 

Newton Co. contains 640 square miles ; surface 
level, prairie land. Drained by the Iroquois river 
and Sugar creek. Name changed to Jasper. 

Noble Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface lev- 
el. Drained by the Elkhart and Tippecanoe rivers. 
Pop. 1840, 2,702. Augusta is the county seat. 

Orange Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
hilly. Drained by Lost and Potoka creeks. Pop. 
1840, 9,602. Paoli is the county seat. 

Owen Co. contains 396 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil good. Principal streams, west fork of 
White river and branches. Pop. 1840, 8,359. 
Spencer is the county seat. 

Parke Co. contains 450 square miles ; surface 
level, soil rich. The Wabash river forms its west- 
ern boundary, and Big and Little Raccoon, and Su- 
gar creeks, are the principal water courses. Pop. 
1840, 13,499. Rockville is the county seat. 

Perry Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
hilly, soil good on the streams. The Ohio river 
forms its eastern and southern boundary. Drained 
by Anderson's, Bear, Deer, and Oil creeks. Pop. 
1840, 4,655. Rome is the county seat. 

Pike Co. contains 325 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, soil good. White river forms its northern 
boundary, and Potoka creek passes centrally through 
it. Pop. 1840, 4,769. Petersburg is the county seat. 



INDIANA. 55 

Porter Co. contains 415 square miles; surface 
generally level, high and barren lands on the lake 
shore, marshes on the Kankakee, which forms its 
southern boundary. Streams, Calumic river. Coffee 
and Salt creeks. Pop. 2,162. Capital, Valparaiso. 

Posey Co. contains 450 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil productive. The Ohio forms its south- 
ern, and the Wabash its western boundary. Drain- 
ed centrally by Big creek. Pop. 1840, 9,683. 
Mt. Vernon is the county seat. 

Pulaski Co. contains 342 square miles ; principal 
stream, Tippecanoe river. Pop. 1840, 561. Cap- 
ital, Winamac. 

Putnam Co. contains 486 square miles ; surface roll- 
ing, soil good. Drained by Eel river and Raccoon 
creek. Pop. 16,842. Greencastle is the county seat. 

Randolph Co. contains 440 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil rich. Drained by the Mississinewa, west 
fork of White, and Whitewater rivers. Pop. 1840, 
10,684. Winchester is the county seat. 

Ripley Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
level, soil good. Drained by the head branches of 
the Muscatatack river, and Laughery creek. Pop. 
1840, 10,392. Versailles is the county seat. 

Rush Co. contains 410 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil productive. Blue and Flat-rock rivers 
are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 16,454. 
Rushville is the county seat. 

Scott Co. contains 200 square miles; surface 
rolling, soil productive. Drained by branches of 
the Muscatatack. Pop. 1840, 4,242. Lexington 
is the county seat. 

Shelby Co. contains 410 square miles ; surfacf 
level, soil very good. Streams, Blue river. Flat 



56 INDIANA. 

rock and Sugar creeks. Pop. 1840, 12,005. Shel- 

byville is the county seat. 

Spencer Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
rather hilly, soil productive. The Ohio forms its 
southern boundary, and Little Pigeon creek its west- 
ern. Drained by Big, Crooked, and Little Sandy 
creeks. Pop. 1840, 6,305. Rockport is the co. seat. 

St. Joseph Co. contains 468 square miles ; surface 
generally level, soil first rate. St. Joseph and Kan- 
kakee rivers are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 
6,425. South Bend, the county seat, is a rapidly 
growing place. 

Starke Co. contains 432 square miles ; principal 
stream, Kankakee river, with extensive marshes on 
its borders. Pop. 1840, 149. 

Steuben Co. contains 225 square miles ; soil good. 
Drained by Crooked and Fish creeks. Pop. 1840, 
2,578. Angola is the county seat. 

Sullivan Co. contains 430 square miles ; surface 
rolling, with rich prairies. The Wabash river forms 
its western boundary. Drained by Busseron, Fur- 
man's, and Turtle creeks. Pop. 1840, 8,315. Me- 
rom is the county seat. 

Switzerland Co. contains 216 square miles ; sur- 
face various, soil on the bottoms rich. The Ohio 
forms its eastern and southern boundary. Drained 
by many small creeks. Pop. 1840, 9.920. At 
Vevay, the county seat, are many fine vineyards. 

Tippecanoe Co. contains 504 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil excellent. The Wabash passes through 
the county in a southerly direction — other streams, 
Tippecanoe river, and Wild-cat and Wea creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 13,724. La Fayette, the county seat, 
has a court-house, 7 churches, 21 stores. Pop. 2000. 



INDIANA. 67 

Union Co. contains 168 square miles ; surface 
moderately r^Ming, soil good. Streams, east fork 
of Whitewater and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 8j017. 
Liberty is the county seat. 

Vanderburg Co. contains 225 square miles ; sur- 
face high, rolling land. The Ohio forms its southern 
boundary. Drained principally by Big Pigeon creek. 
Pop. 1840, 6,250. Evansville, the county seat, con- 
tains a court-house, bank, 8 churches, an academy, 
45 stores, and 2,500 inhabitants. The Great Wa- 
bash and Central canals, are to terminate here. 

Vermillion Co. contains 280 square miles ; sur- 
face high, with bluffs near the streams, soil rich. 
The Wabash forms its eastern boundary. Princi- 
pal streams, Vermillion and Little Vermillion rivers, 
and some small creeks. Pop. 1840, 8,274. New- 
port is the county seat. 

Vigo Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface gen- 
erally level, soil excellent. The Wabash river pass- 
es through the county. Drained by Honey, Otter, 
and Prairie creeks. Pop. 1840, 12,076. Terre 
Haute, the county seat, contains a court-house, 2 
churches, 55 stores, and about 2,000 inhabitants. 

Wabash Co. contains 415 square miles ; surface va- 
rious, rich bottoms on the streams. Water courses. 
Eel, Wabash, and Salamania rivers. Pop. 1840, 
2,756. Wabash is the county seat. 

Warren Co. contains 350 square miles ; surface 
generally level, large proportion prairie land, soil 
rich. The Wabash forms its southeastern border. 
Drained by Big and Little Pine, and Red-wood 
creeks. Pop. 1840, 5,656. Williamsport is the 
county seat. 

Warrick Co. contains 360 square miles ; surface 



58 INDIANA. 

hilly, soil productive. The Ohio on its southern, 
and Little Pigeon creek on its eastern border. 
Drained by the Big Pigeon, Cypress, and several 
branches of the Little Pigeon creek. Pop. 1840, 
6,321. Booneville is the county seat. 

Washington Co. contains 540 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil various. Drained by Big Blue riv- 
er on the south, and tributaries of White river on 
the north. Pop. 1840, 15,269. Salem is the 
county seat. 

Wayne Co. contains 420 square miles ; surface 
rather hilly, soil very rich. Streams, east and 
west branches of Whitewater river, abounding in 
fine mill sites. Pop. 1840, 23,292. Centerville is 
the county seat. 

Wells Co. contains 372 square miles; surface gen- 
erally level. The Wabash is the principal stream, 
affording many fine mill sites. Pop. 1840, 1,822. 

White Co. contains 530 square miles ; surface 
level, one-half prairie, soil good. Tippecanoe riv- 
er is the principal stream. Pop. 1840, 1,832. 
Monticello is the county seat. 

Whitley Co. contains 324 square miles ; surface 
level, soil good. Drained by Eel river. Pop. 
1840, 1,237. Capital, Columbia. 

Benton, a new Co., recently erected from Jasper, 
Drained by Sugar and Pine creeks. Surface, prin- 
cipally prairie land. 



INDIANA. 59 



INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 

The Wabash and Erie canal, commencing at To- 
ledo, Ohio, and extending along the Maumee river 
87i miles to the Indiana line, thence along the Mau- 
mee and Wabash rivers to La Fayette, a further 
distance of 99f miles. Whole length 187 miles. 

The Whiteioaier canal commences on the Ohio 
river at Lavvrenceburg, and passes up the valley of 
the Whitewater river 30 miles to Brookville, to be 
extended north to Cambridge city on the National 
road. 

The Central canal, designed to connect the Ohio 
at Evansville, with the Wabash and Erie canal at 
Peru, a distance of 290 miles. 

The Northern canal to commence at Fort Wayne 
and extend across the state to Michigan city on 
Lake Michigan. 

The Terre Haute and Eel river canal to connect 
the Central with the Wabash and Erie canal. 

The Madison and Indianapolis railroad extends 
from Madison, on the Ohio river, 95 miles to Indian- 
apolis. 

Several other canals and railroads have been pro- 
jected, but very little has been done to them but to 
survey the routes. 



60 ILLINOIS. 



ILLINOIS. 

The State of Illinois is bounded on the north by 
Wisconsin Territory ; east by Indiana ; south-east 
and south by the Ohio river, which separates it from 
Kentucky ; and west by the Mississippi, which sepa- 
rates it from the State of Missouri and Iowa Terri- 
tory. Its extreme length is 378 miles, and its ex- 
treme width 210 miles, containing an area of about 
55,000 square miles. Pop. 1840, 476,183. 

Face of the Country, S^c, — The surface is gene- 
rally level ; the southern and northern parts of the 
state are somewhat broken and hilly, but no where 
rising to an elevation deserving the name of a moun- 
tain. That portion of the state, south of a line from 
the mouth of the Wabash to the mouth of the Kas- 
kaskia, is mostly covered with timber ; thence north- 
ward, prairie predominates. " The eye sometimes 
wanders over immense plains, covered with grass, 
finding no limit to its vision but the distant horizon ; 
while more frequently it wanders from grove to 
grove, and from one point of woodland to another, 
charmed and refreshed by an endless variety of 
scenic beauty." A range of bluffs commence on the 
margin of the Mississippi, (a short distance above the 
mouth of the Ohio,) and extends north of the Des 
Moines Rapids, sometimes rising abruptly from the 
water's edge, but most generally at a few miles dis- 
tance, having, between the bluffs and the river, a 
strip of alluvial formation, of most exhaustless fer- 
tility. The soil throughout the state is generally 
very fertile. The forest trees most abundant are 
oak of different species, walnut, ash, elm, sugar 



ILLINOIS. 61 

maple, locust, hackberry, buckeye, sycamore, &c. 
Lead is a veiy important mineral production of this 
state ; copper and iron ores exist. Coal abounds in 
the bluffs ; several fine salt springs exist in the south- 
ern part of the state. Vegetable productions are In- 
dian corn, wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, tur- 
nips, cotton, hemp, flax, tobacco, castor bean, &;c. 

Rivers. — The Mississippi, Ohio and Wabash rivers 
form more than two thirds of the boundary of the 
state. The Big Muddy, Kaskaskia, Illinois and Rock 
rivers, and many smaller streams, empty themselves 
into the Mississippi river. Chicago river empties 
into Lake Michigan. Vermillion, Embarras and 
Little Wabash into the Wabash, and Saline and Big 
Bay creeks into the Ohio river. 

Form of Government, S^-c, — The powers of govern- 
ment are divided into three distinct departments — the 
legislative, executive and judiciary. The legislative 
authority is vested in a general assembly, consisting 
of a Senate and House of Representatives. Elections 
are held biennially, as are the ordinary sessions of 
the legislature. Senators are elected for four years. 

The executive power is vested in the governor, 
who is elected every fourth year by the electors for 
representatives ; but the same person is ineligible 
for the next succeeding four years. 

The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, 
and such inferior courts, as the general assembly shall 
from time to time establish. 

The right of suffrage is universal. Ail white male 
inhabitants, twenty-one years of age, who have re- 
sided within the state six months preceding the elec- 
tions, enjoy the right of electors Votes are given 
viva voce. 



62 ILLINOIS. 

COUNTIES IN THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. 

Adams Co. contains 644 sq. miles ; soil good, tim- 
ber and prairie. The Mississippi forms its western 
boundary. Bear and M'Kees creeks, and several 
smaller streams, drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 
14,476. Quincy is the county seat. 

Alexander Co. contains 360 sq. miles ; soil fertile. 
The Mississippi on the west, and the Ohio on the 
southeast. Cash river passes centrally through it. 
Pop. 1840, 2,242. Unity is the county seat. 

Bond Co. contains 360 sq. miles ; surface level, 
soil productive. Principal stream, Shoal creek. 
Pop. 1840, 5,060. Greenville is the county seat. 

Boone Co. contains 428 sq. miles; surface undu- 
lating, prairie and timber, soil excellent. Kishwau- 
kee river and branches drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 
1,705. Belvidere is the county seat. 

Brown Co. contains 300 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, soil rich. The Illinois river forms its eastern, 
and Crooked creek part of its northern boundary. 
M'Kees creek is the only stream passing through the 
county. Pop. 1840, 4,183. Capital, Mount Sterling. 

Bureau Co. contains 712 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, some parts level, prairie, and a few small groves 
of timber, and some swamps. Bureau creek is the 
principal stream. Pop. 3,067. Capital, Princeton. 

Calhoun Co. contains about 240 sq. miles ; table land 
and strips of alluvion on the Mississippi and Illinois 
rivers. Pop. 1840, 1,741. Gilead is the county seat. 

Carroll Co. contains about 430 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, timber in groves, soil good. The Mis- 
sissippi river forms its western boundary. Plum 
and Rush creeks drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 
1,023. Savanna is the county seat. 



ILLINOIS. 63 

Cass Co, contains 270 sq. miles ; surface level, 
prairie and timber land, soil excellent. Sangamon 
river forms its northern, and the Illinois its western 
boundary. Drained by some small streams. Pop. 
1840, 2,981. Virginia is the county seat. 

Champaign Co. contains 792 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, large prairies, soil good. Drained by the 
Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon, Vermillion of the 
Illinois, and Vermillion of Wabash rivers. Pop. 
1840, 1,475. Urbanna is the county seat. 

Christian Co. contains about 690 square miles; 
surface undulating, soil first rate. Principal stream, 
south fork of Sangamon river. Pop. 1840, 1,878. 
Edinburg is the county seat. 

Clark Co. contains 500 square miles ; surface undu- 
lating, timber and prairie, soil productive. The Wa- 
bash forms part of its eastern boundary. Drained by 
the north fork of the Embarras and some small creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 7,453. Marshall is the county seat. 

Clay Co. contains 475 square miles ; surface level, 
considerable prairie, some swamp. Principal streams. 
Little Wabash and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 3,228. 
Lewisville is the county seat. 

Clinton Co. contains 480 square miles ; surface 
undulating, timber and prairie. Streams, Kaskas- 
kia river and branches. Pop. 1840, 3,718. Car- 
lyle is the county seat. 

Coles Co. contains 1,240 square miles; surface 
undulating, rich prairie and timber on the streams. 
"Water courses, Kaskaskia and Embarras rivers. 
Pop. 1840, 9,616. Charleston is the county seat. 

Cook Co. contains 864 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, prairie with groves of timber, and some 
swamp, Lake Michigan on the east. Streams, Calu- 



64 ILLINOIS. 

mic, Chicago, and Des Plaines river. Pop. 1840, 
9,826. The county seat, Chicago, is the largest 
town in the state, situated on the shore of Lake 
Michigan, at the head of the Michigan and Illinois 
canal, which is intended to unite the waters of Lake 
Michigan and Mississippi river. 

Crawford Co. contains 396 square miles ; surface 
level, prairie and tinnher land. The Wabash river 
forms its eastern boundary. Drained by some small 
streams, tributaries of the Wabash and Embarras 
rivers. Pop. 1840, 4,422. Palestine is the county 
seat. 

De Kalb Co. contains 648 square miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie, and small groves of timber. 
Drained by tributaries of the Fox and Rock rivers. 
Pop. 1840, 1,687. Sycamore is the county seat. 

De Witt Co. contains 600 square miles; surface un- 
dulating, soil first rate, prairie with timber on the mar- 
gins of streams. The north fork of Sangamon river, 
Kickapoo and Salt creeks pass through the county. 

Dupage Co. contains 375 square miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie, with groves of timber, soil ex- 
cellent. "Pop. 1840, 3,535. Naperville is the 
county seat. 

Edgar Co. contains 600 square miles; large pro- 
portion of prairie land. Drained by Big, Brulette's, 
and Clear creeks, and Little Embarras river. Pop. 
1840, 8,225. Paris is the county seat. 

Edwards Co. contains about 200 square miles; 
surface undulating, some small prairies,'soil fertile. 
Streams, Little Wabash, and Bon Pas creek, which 
forms its eastern boundary. Pop. 1840, 3,070. 
Albion is the county seat. 

Effingham Co. contains 486 square miles ; sur- 



ILLINOIS. 65 

face slightly m^Julating, prairie, with timber on the 
streams. Drained by the Little Wabash river. 
Pop. 1840, 1,G75. Ewington is the county seat. 

Fayette Co. contains 684 sq. miles; surface lev- 
el, prairie and woodland. Streams, Kaskaskia rivei 
and branches. Pop. 1840,6,328. Vandalia is the 
county seat, and contains about 800 inhabitants. 

Franklin Co. contains 410 sq. miles; surface 
level, with small prairies, soil fertile. Streams, 
Big Muddy river and branches. Pop. 1840, 3,682. 
Benton is the county seat. 

Fulton Co. contains 850 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, prairie and timber land, soil excellent. The 
Illinois river forms part of its eastern boundary, and 
Spoon river and Copperas creek are the principal 
streams. Pop. 1840, 13,142. Lewiston is the 
county seat. 

Gallatin Co. contains 750 sq. miles ; surface gen- 
erally level, soil sandy, with excellent salt springs. 
Ohio and Wabash rivers on the east. Drained cen- 
trally by Saline creek and branches. Pop. 1840, 
10,760. Equality is the county seat. 

Greene Co. contains 540 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, prairie and woodland, with perpendicular 
bluffs near the Illinois, soil good. Principal streams, 
Apple, Macoupin, and Otter creeks. Pop. 1840, 
11,951. CarroUton is the county seat. 

Hamilton Co. contains 414 sq. miles ; surface 
generally covered with timber. Drained by branches 
of the Little Wabash and Saline creek. Pop. 1840, 
3,945. M'Leansboro is the county seat. 

Hancock Co. contains 750 sq. miles : surface un- 
dulating, large proportion of prairie, soil good. The 
Mississippi forms its western boundary. Drained by 
6* 



66 ILLINOIS. 

Bear and Crooked creeks. Pop. 1840, 9,946. 

Carthage is the county seat. 

Hardin Co. contains 100 sq. miles ; surface ra- 
ther uneven, soil fertile. The Ohio river forms its 
southern boundary. Pop. 1840, 1,378. 

Henry Co. contains 750 sq. miles; surface un- 
dulating, principally prairie land, and some swamp, 
soil rich. Drained by Edwards, Green, and the 
upper branches of Spoon river. Pop. 1840, 1,260. 
Richmond is the county seat. 

Iroquois Co. contains 1,370 sq. miles ; surface 
level, mostly prairie, some swamps. Streams, the 
Iroquois and branches. Pop. 1840, 1,695. Cap- 
ital, Montgomery. 

Jackson Co. contains 576 sq. miles ; surface bro- 
ken. The Mississippi forms its western boundary, 
and Muddy river passes through it. Pop. 1840, 
3,566. Brownsville is the county seat. 

Jasper Co. contains 475 sq. miles ; surface level, 
two-thirds prairie, rather wet. Principal stream, 
Embarras river. Pop. 1840, 1,472. Newton is 
the county seat. 

Jefferson Co. contains 576 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, with small prairies. Drained by the Big 
Muddy, and Adams fork of Little Wabash. Pop. 
1840, 5,762. Mt. Vernon is the county seat. 

Jersey Co. contains about 320 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, with perpendicular bluff near the Illinois 
and Mississippi rivers, soil good. Drained by the 
Big Piasa and some small streams. Pop. 1840, 
4,535. Jerseyville is the county seat. 

Jo Daviess Co. contains about 650 sq. miles ; sur. 
face undulating, some groves of timber, soil good. 
Minerals, copper and lead. The Mississippi forms 



ILLINOIS. 67 

its southwestern boundary. Apple, Feve or Bean, 
and Sinsinavva creeks drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 
6,180. Galena is the county seat. 

Johnson Co. contains 480 sq. miles ; surface un- 
even, timbered land, with some large swamps. 
Drained by Big Bay creek and Cash river. Pop. 
1840, 3,626. Vienna is the county seat. 

Kane Co. contains 648 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, mostly prairie. Streams, Fox river and 
branches. Pop. 6,501. Geneva is the co. seat. 

Knox Co. contains 720 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, large prairies, soil excellent. Principal 
streams. Spoon river and branches. Pop. 1840, 
7,060. Knoxville is the county seat. 

Lake Co. contains about 450 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, principally prairie. Lake Michigan forms 
its eastern boundary. The Des Plaines river passes 
through it. Pop. 1840, 2,634. Capital, Little Fort. 

La Salle Co. contains 1,872 sq. miles; surface 
undulating, with fine groves on the streams, soil first 
rate. Illinois river and tributaries are the water 
courses. Pop. 1840, 9,348. Ottawa is the county 
seat. Peru, on the Illinois, at the termination of 
the Michigan and Illinois canal, is a growing place. 

Lee Co. contains about 720 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, prairie and groves of timber, soil first rate. 
Rock river passes through the county. Pop. 1840, 
2,035. Dixon is the county seat. 

Lawrence Co. contains 612 sq. miles; surface 
level, prairie and timber, some large swamps. The 
Wabash forms its eastern boundary. Streams, Bon. 
Pas and Embarras rivers. Pop. 1840, 7,092. Law- 
renoeville is the county seat. 

Livingston Co. contains 1,026 sq. miles; surfapo 



68 ILLINOIS. 

undulating, principally prairie. Drained by the Ver- 
million river. Pop. 1840, 759. Capital, Pontiac. 

Logan Co. contains 584 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, soil first rate. Kickapoo, Salt, and Sugar 
creeks are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 2,303. 
Postville is the county seat. 

Macon Co. contains 972 sq. miles; surface roll- 
ing, prairies, with strips of timber on the streams, 
soil excellent. Drained by the head branches of the 
Kaskaskia, the Sangamon river, and Salt creek. 
Pop. 1840, 3,039. Decatur is the county seat. 

Madison Co. contains 750 sq. miles ; surface gen- 
erally undulating, soil good, the bottom lands on the 
Mississippi river are exceedingly fertile. The Mis- 
sissippi forms its western boundary. Drained by the 
Cahokia and Silver creeks, and Wood river. Pop. 
1840,7,826. Edwardsville is the county seat. Al- 
ton, on the Mississippi, (2 miles above its junction 
with the Missouri,) an incorporated town, contain- 
ing a present population of about 2,800. 

Macoupin Co. contains 864 sq. miles; surface 
gently undulating, prairie and woodland, soil good. 
Drained by Apple, Cahokia, and Macoupin creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 7,826. Carlinville is the county seat. 

Marion Co. contains 576 square miles; surface 
level, prairie and woodland. Drained by tributaries 
of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash rivers. Pop. 
1840, 4,792. Salem is the county seat. 

Marshall Co. contains about 370 sq. miles; sur- 
face undulating, prairie and forest, soil first rate. 
Water courses are the Illinois, Crow, and Sand 
creeks. Pop. 1840, 1,849. Lacon is the county seat. 

M'Donough Co. contains 576 sq. miles; surface 
undulating, prairie and woodland, soil excellent. 



ILLINOIS. 69 

Drained by Crooked creek and branches. Pop. 
1840, 5,308. Macomb is the county seat. 

M'Henry Co. contains about 425 sq. miles ; sur- 
face undulating, principally prairie, some timber in 
groves. Fox river passes through the county. Pop. 
1840, 2,578. M'Henry is the'^county seat. 

M'Lean Co. contains 1,674 sq. miles; surface 
gently undulating, principally prairie, with finegroves 
of timber on the streams, soil rich. Drained by 
Mackinaw, and Kickapoo, and Salt creeks. Pop. 
1840, 6,565. Bloomington is the county seat. 

Menard Co. contains about 500 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, timber and prairie, soil good. Water 
courses, Illinois and Sangamon rivers, and Salt creek. 
Pop. 1840, 4,431. Petersburg is the county seat. 

Mercer Co. contains 550 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
lating, principally prairie, soil rich. The Mississippi 
forms its western boundary. Drained by Edward's 
river and Pope's creek. Pop. 1840, 2,352. Mil- 
iersburg is the county seat. 

Monroe Co. contains 350 sq. miles; surface gen- 
erally hilly, a strip of rich alluvion on the margin 
of the Mississippi. Drained by Eagle, Horse, and 
Prairie du Long creeks. Pop. 1840, 4,481. Wa- 
terloo is the county seat. 

Montgomery Co. contains 684 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie and forest land. Drained by the 
tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Macoupin rivers. 
Pop. 1840, 4,490. Hillsboro is the county seat. 

Morgan Co. contains 620 sq. miles ; surface gen- 
erally undulating, prairie and woodland, soil excellent. 
Drained by Indian, Mauvaise-terre, Plum, and Sandy 
creeks. The Mississippi forms its western boundary. 
Pop. 1840, 19,547. Jacksonville is the county seat. 



^0 ILLINOIS. 

Ogle Co. contains 648 sq. miles ; surface undu- 
fdting, prairies, and groves of timber, soil rich. Prin- 
cipal streams, Rock river and tributaries. Pop. 
1840, 3,497. Oregon city is the county seat. 

Peoria Co. contains 612 sq. miles ; surface undula- 
ting, divided into alternate tracks of timber and prairie 
land, soil excellent. Illinois river forms its eastern 
boundary ; Spoon river, Copperas, Kickapoo, and 
Senatchwine creeks, drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 
6,153. Peoria is the county seat. 

Perry Co. contains 432 sq. miles ; surface level, one 
third prairie, soil second rate. Drained by Big Beau- 
coup and Little Muddy creeks, and St. Mary's river. 
Pop. 1840, 3,222. Pinckneyville is the county seat. 

Pike Co. contains 740 sq. miles ; surface uneven, 
soil generally good. The Mississippi forms its eastern, 
and the Illinois its western boundary ; the Snycartee 
Slough, Bay, and many small creeks, are the water 
courses. Pop. 1840, 11,728. Pittsfield is the co. seat. 

Pope Co. contains 480 sq. miles; surface rather 
uneven, soil fertile. The Ohio river forms its south- 
eastern boundary. Big Bay and Lusk's creeks, and 
some small streams, drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 
4,094. Golconda is the county seat. 

Putnam Co. contains about 260 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie and forest, soil first rate. The 
Illinois river passes through it. Pop. 1840, 4,094. 
Hennepin is the county seat. 

Randolph Co. contains 510 sq. miles; surface 
broken, soil various, bottom land very rich. The 
Mississippi forms its southwestern boundary. Prin- 
cipal stream, Kaskaskia river. Pop. 1840, 7,944. 
Kaskaskia is the county seat, and one of the oldest 
settlements in the state. 



ILLINOIS. 71 

Rock Island Co. contains 366 sq. miles; surface 
various, soil generally good. The Mississippi forms 
its northwestern boundary. Rock river is the prin- 
cipal stream. Pop. 1840, 2,610. Rock Island city 
is the county seat. 

Sangamon Co. contains 900 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, prairie and timbered groves on the streams. 
Drained by the Sangamon and branches. Pop. 1840, 
14,716. Springfield, the capital of the state and the 
county seat of Sangamon Co., is situated on the border 
of a beautiful prairie, 4 miles south of the Sangamon 
river, and very near the geographical center of the 
state. It contains a court-house, a jail, and a mar- 
ket-house, 2 Presbyterian, 2 Baptist, an Episcopal, 
and a Methodist church, 3 printing offices, 3 acade- 
mies, and 2,579 inhabitants. The capitol occupies 
the center of a square of 3 acres. 

Schuyler Co. contains 360 sq. miles; surface undu- 
lating, soil rich. The Illinois forms its southeastern 
boundary. Crooked and Sugar creeks drain its sur- 
face. Pop. 1840, 6,972. Rushville is the county seat. 

Scott Co. contains about 225 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, soil rich. Mauvaise-terre and Sandy 
creeks are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 6,215. 
Winchester is the county seat. 

Shelby Co. contains 954 sq. miles ; surface gen- 
tly undulating, prairie and timber on the streams, 
soil very fertile. Drained by the Kaskaskia, Little 
Wabash, and Sangamon rivers. Pop. 1840, 6,659. 
Shelbyville is the county seat. 

St. Clair Co. contains 648 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, and sometimes broken, soil various, some 
parts first rate. The Mississippi forms its western 
boundary. Streams, Kaskaskia river and tributaries, 



72 ILLINOIS. 

Cahokia and Prairie du Pont creeks. Pop. 1840, 
13,631. Belleville is the county seat. 

Stark Co. contains 369 sq. miles; surface undu- 
lating, timber in groves, soil excellent. Spoon river 
is the principal water course. Pop. 1840, 1573. 
Toulon is the county seat. 

Stephenson Co. contains 504 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, prairie and oak openings. Drained byPicka- 
tonica river. Pop. 1840, 2,800. Capital, Freeport. 

Tazewell Co. contains 1,002 sq. miles; surface 
undulating, mostly prairie, some swamps in the south- 
ern part, soil good. The Illinois forms its northwest- 
ern boundary. Mackinaw and Sugar creeks are the 
principal streams. Pop. 1840, 7,229. Tremont is 
the county seat. 

Union Co. contains 380 sq. miles ; surface hilly, 
some rich land on the Mississippi, which forms its 
western boundary. Drained principally by Cash 
river and Clear creek. Pop. 1840, 5,524. Jones- 
Doro is the county seat. 

Vermillion Co. contains 1,000 sq. miles; surfacfj 
undulating, soil rich. Drained by Big and Little 
Vermillion rivers. Pop. 1840, 9,303. Danville is 
the county seat. 

Wabash Co. contains 190 sq. miles ; surface roll- 
ing, soil fertile. The Wabash river forms its eastern, 
and the Bon Pas its western boundary. Pop. 1840, 
4,240. Mt. Carmel is the county seat. 

Warren Co. contains 910 sq. miles; surface un- 
even, principally prairie land, timber in groves on the 
streams. The Mississippi forms its western boundary. 
Drained by Henderson's and west fork of Spoon 
rivers, and Ellison's and Honey creeks. Pop. 1840, 
6,739. Monmouth is the county seat.- 



Washington Co. contains 580 sq. miles ; surface 
level, prairie and woodland. Drained by tributaries 
of the Kaskaskia and Big Beaucoup creeks. Pop. 
1840, 4,810. Nashville is the county seat. 

Wayne Co. contains 720 sq. miles ; surface gen- 
erally rolling, timber predominates. Streams, Lit- 
tle Wabash and branches. Pop. 1840, 5,133. 
Fairfield is the county seat. 

White Co. contains 475 sq. miles ; surface various, 
very little prairie, soil fertile. The Wabash forms 
its eastern boundary, and the Little Wabash passes 
through the county. Pop. 1840, 7,919. Carmi is 
the county seat. 

Whiteside Co. contains 690 sq. miles ; surface 
generally undulating, nearly all prairie, some 
swamps, soil rich. The Mississippi and Marie de 
Ogee form its western boundary. Rock and Little 
Rock rivers are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 
2,514. Capital, Lyndon. 

Will Co. contains 1,154 sq. miles ; surface level, 
prairie land, with small groves of timber, and many 
small swamps. Principal streams, Des Plaines and 
Kankakee rivers. Pop. 1840, 10,167. Capital, 
Juliet. 

Williamson Co. contains 422 sq. miles ; surface 
undulating, soil good. Streams, the south fork of 
Saline and Crab Orchard creeks, and some small 
branches of Muddy river. Pop. 1840, 4,457. 
Bainbridge is the county seat. 

Winnebago Co. contains 420 sq. miles ; surface 

undulating, prairie, with groves of timber, soil rich. 

Rock river and tributaries are the water courses. 

Pop. 1840, 4,609. Winnebago is the county seat. 

7 



74 ILLINOIS. 

NEW COUNTIES ERECTED SINCE THE CENSUS OF 1840. 

Grundy Co. contains 324 sq. miles ; surface lev- 
el, soil very fertile. The Illinois river passes cen- 
trally through it. 

Henderson Co. contains 400 sq. miles; surface 
uneven, principally prairie land. The Mississippi 
forms its western boundary. Capital, Oquawka. 

Kendall Co. contains 324 sq. miles ; surface un- 
dulating, soil fertile. Drained by Fox river and 
branches. Capital, Yorkville. 

Mason Co. contains 500 sq. miles ; surface level, 
soil fertile. It has the Illinois river on the west, and 
Sangamon river on the south. Capital, Havanna. 

Pratt Co. contains 440 sq. miles ; surface level, 
mostly prairie land. Drained by Sangamon river. 
Capital, Monticello. 

Richland Co. contains 324 sq. miles ; surface lev- 
el. Drained by branches of Little Wabash river. 
Capital, Olney. 

Woodford Co. contains 470 sq. miles; surface 
level, soil fertile. Drained by Mackinaw creek. 
Capital, Woodford. 

INTERxNAL IMPROVE31ENTS. 

The Illinois and MicMgan canal commences on the south fork 
of Chicago river, about 4 miles south of Chicago, thence to the 
valley of the Des Plaines, and down the same and the Illinois riv- 
ers to Peru at the head of steamboat navigation on Illinois river. 
Length 100 miles, 18 chains, and 73 links, including the south 
branch of Chicago river used for the canal ; width 60 feet, depth 
6 feet ; 15 locks. Amount of lockage, 144 10-lOOth feet. Estima- 
ted cost, $8,500,000. 

Northern Cross railroad completed from Springfield to Meredo- 
sia on the Illinois river, a distance of 53 miles. 

Coal Mine Bluffs railroad extends 6 miles from the Mississippi 
river to the coal mine. 

The Central railroad, to commence at the junction ot the Ohio 
and Mississippi rivers, from thence through Vandalia, Shelbyville, 
Decatur, Bloomington, Peru, and Galena. 



MISSOURI. 75 



MISSOURI. 



The State of Missouri is bounded north by the 
Iowa Territory ; east by the Mississippi river, which 
separates it from Illinois and Kentucky; south by 
the State of Arkansas ; and west by the Indian Ter- 
ritory and Missouri river. Length from north to 
south 278 miles ; mean breadth 230 miles ; contain- 
ing an area of 64,140 square miles. 

Face of the Country, ^-c. — With the exception of 
the alluvial bottoms, Missouri is rolling or hilly ; yet 
no part rises to an elevation deserving the name of 
a mountain. No other state in the union is so greatly 
diversified as respects soil and external features. The 
south-eastern corner is almost entirely alluvial. A 
range of hills commences in St. Francis county, and 
extend in a south-westerly direction to the southern 
boundary of the state. Another range of a larger 
class, commencing near the Missouri and between 
the waters of the Gasconade and Osage, continues 
through the state, increasing in magnitude, until far 
within the State of Arkansas ; these are termed the 
Ozark mountains. This ridge is frequently very 
abrupt near the water courses, and often retir- 
ing from them, with strips of rich alluvial be- 
tween. In St. Francis county exists the celebra- 
ted " mountain" of micaceous oxide of iron, which 
has an elevation of 350 feet above the surrounding 
plain, is a mile and a half across its summit, and 
yields eighty per cent, pure metal. Five miles 
south is another magnificent pyramidal " moun- 
tain" of the micaceous oxide of iron, known as the 



76 nissovRi* 

Pilot Knob, 300 feet high, and with a base of a mile 
and a half in circumference. This pyramid is not 
in plates, but huge masses of several tons in weight 
yields also 80 per cent. Copper is also found in 
Missouri, and its inexhaustible lead mines are well 
known. The " Pine Ridge," in this region, furnishes 
that lofty timber in abundance ; many of the trees 
being ninety feet high, and four feet in diameter. 
Washington county is a perfect bed of metallic trea- 
sures ; lead and copper, copperas, chalk, black lead 
and brimstone, cornelian and other precious stones, 
free-stone, Hme-stone, grind-stone, and burr-stone. 
St. Genevieve county has numerous quarries of mag- 
nificent marble, and vast caverns of beaatiful white 
sand, resembling snow, much prized for the manufac- 
tory of flint glass. * " Throughout the mineral dis- 
trict is found, on searching the bowels of the earth 
for ores, leds of rich, red, marl clay, which has been 
proved to be the very best manure for the soil. These 
beds are inexhaustible ; and some years hence, that 
portion of Missouri which is considered a sterile, 
mineral region, will be found as fertile as any por- 
tion of the state." Between the waters of the Osage 
and the Missouri, is a fine tract of country, celebra- 
ted for its fertility, agreeably diversified with wood- 
land and prairie, and abounding with coal, salt 
springs, &c. The country north of the Missouri, is 
emphatically the " Garden of the West." There is 
no part of the globe where greater extent of country 
can be traversed more easily when in its natural 
state. It is for the most part a surface delightfully 
rolling and variegated, sometimes rising into pictu- 

* Dr. Linn. 



MISSOURI. 77 

resque hills, then stretching far away into a sea of 
prairie, occasionally interspersed with shady groves 
and sparkling streamlets. Almost every acre of this 
fine region of country is susceptible of agricultural 
improvement, and unusually productive. The pro- 
ducts consist of tobacco, cotton, hemp, corn, wheat, 
rye, oats, barley, and the grasses. All kinds of 
garden vegetables thrive well. Large quantities of 
horses, mules, horned cattle, sheep and hogs, are 
raised annually for exportation. 

Rivers. — The Mississippi meanders along the en- 
tire eastern boundary of the state, for a distance of 
400 miles, and receiving in its course the waters of 
the Missouri. Through the center and the richest 
part of the state, the wild Missouri pours out its 
never-ceasing currents, being navigable for steam- 
boats far westward, for four or five months in the 
year. The Lamine, Osage and Gasconade on the 
right, and the Grand and Chariton on the left, are 
the navigable tributaries of the Missouri. Salt river, 
a navigable stream, falls into the Mssissippi 85 miles 
above the Missouri. Merrimac river, a navigable 
stream, enters the Mississippi 18 miles below St. 
Louis. The White and St. Francis drain the south- 
eastern portion, and the Six Bulls and tributaries the 
south-western part of the state. 

The principal exports are lead and furs A large 
capital is employed in the fur trade, on the head 
waters of the Missouri. 

Form of Government, SfC. — The powers of govern- 
ment are divided into three distinct departments. The 
legislative power is vested in a " general assembly," 
which consists of a " Senate" and a " House of Rep- 
resentatives." Elections are held biennially, as are 



78 MISSOURI. 

the ordinary sessions of the legislature. Senators 
are elected for four years. 

The supreme executive power is vested in a chief 
magistrate, who shall be styled " The Governor of 
the State of Missouri." Term of service, four years. 

The judicial power is vested in a '' supreme court,'* 
" in circuit courts," and in such inferior tribunals as 
the general assembly may, from time to time, es- 
tablish. 

Every white male citizen of the United States, 
twenty-one years of age, and who shall have resided 
in the state one year before an election, and three 
months in the county where he votes, is a qualified 
elector. 

Enumeration of inhabitants to be made every four 
years. 

COUNTIES IN THE STATE OF MISSOURI. 

Audrain Co. contains 440 square miles ; surface 
level. Drained by the south fork of Salt rivei. 
Pop. 1840, 1,949. Capital, Mexico. 

Bates Co., on the southwest border of the state, con- 
tains 1,100 square miles. Capital, Batesville. 

Barry Co. contains 830 square miles ; surface 
hilly, prairie and woodland, soil generally good. 
Pop. 1840, 4,795. Mount Pleasant is the principal 
town. 

Benton Co. contains 1,008 square miles; surface 
hilly, prairie and woodland, soil rich. Osage river 
and tributaries are the principal water courses. 
Pop. 1840, 4,205. Warsaw is the county seat. 

Boone Co. contains about 690 square miles ; sur- 
face generally level, woodland and prairie, soil rich. 



MISSOURI. 79 

The Missouri forms its southwestern boundary, and 
Cedar creek nearly all its eastern. Drained by the 
Roche Percee and Petite Bonne Femme creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 13,561. Columbia is the county seat. 

Caldwell Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface 
level, prairie and woodland, soil good. Drained by 
Crooked river and branches of Grand river. Pop. 
1840, 1,458. Far West, (the famous Mormon city,) 
is the county seat. 

Callaway Co. contains 760 square miles ; surface 
undulating, woodland and prairie, soil excellent. 
The Missouri forms its southern boundary. Drain- 
ed by Big and Little Au Vase creeks, and some oth- 
er small streams. Pop. 1840, 11,765. Fulton is 
the county seat. 

Cape Girardeau Co. contains about 864 square 
miles ; surface uneven, timbered, soil rich. Drain- 
ed by Whitewater river, Apple and Crooked creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 9,359. Jackson is the county seat. 

Carroll Co. contains about 700 square miles ; sur- 
face generally rolling, prairie and timbered land, soil 
good. The Missouri forms its southern, and the 
Grand river its eastern boundary. Drained by the 
Wyaconda and branches of Grand river. Pop. 1840, 
2,423. Carrollton is the county seat. 

Chariton Co. contains 540 square miles ; surface 
gently undulating, two-thirds prairie, soil rich. Mis- 
souri river forms the southern, and Grand river the 
western boundary. Chariton, East Chariton, and 
Muscle Fork are the principal water courses. Pop. 
1840, 4,746. Keytesville is the county seat. 

Clark Co. contains 504 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, woodland and prairie, soil rich. The Mis- 
sissippi on the east, and Des Moines river on the 



80 MISSOURI. 

northeast. Drained by the Wyaconda and Stinking 
rivers. Pop. 2,846. Waterloo is the county seat. 

Clay Co. contains 432 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, prairie and timbered land, soil excellent. 
The Missouri forms its southern boundary. Drained 
by Fishing and Little Platte rivers. Pop. 1840, 
8,282. Liberty is the county seat. 

Clinton Co. contains 425 square miles; surface 
level, two-thirds prairie, soil very fertile. Drained 
by Little Platte and Turkey creeks. Pop. 1840, 
2,724. Plattsburg is the county seat. 

Cole Co. contains 580 square miles ; surface hilly 
and broken, soil good on the margin of streams. 
The Missouri forms its northeastern boundary, and 
the Osage its southern for some distance. Drained 
by the Moniteau and Moreau creeks. Pop. 1840, 
9,286. Jefferson city is the county seat, and the 
capital of the state. It has 1,175 inhabitants. 

Cooper Co. contains 660 square miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie and timber land, soil rich ; salt 
works on the La Mine river. The Missouri forms 
its northern boundary. La Mine and Little Saline 
rivers, and Moniteau creek are the principal water 
courses. Pop. 1840, 10,484. Booneville is theco. seat. 

Crawford Co. contains 1,650 square miles ; surface 
and soil various, abounding with iron ore. Drained 
by the Maramec river and tributaries. The Mara- 
fnec iron works is situated near a large spring that 
ssues 30,000 cubic feet of water per minute. Pop. 
1840, 3,561. Steel ville is the county seat. 

Daviess Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
Undulating, prairie predominates, soil good. Long 
Branch of Grand river is the principal stream. Pop. 
1840, 2,736. Gallatin is the county seat. 



MISSOURI. 81 

Franklin Co. contains 850 square miles; surface 
rather hilly, soil various, some lead ore. The Mis- 
souri forms its northern boundary, and the Merrimac 
passes through the county. Pop. 1840, 7,515. 
Union is the county seat. 

Gasconade Co. contains 400 square miles ; surface 
uneven and broken, soil very fertile on ihe margin 
of streams; iron ore, sulphur and saltpetre abound. 
The Missouri forms its northern boundary, and the 
Gasconade passes through the county, and falls into 
the Missouri river. Pop. 1840, 5,330. Mt. Ster- 
ling is the county seat. 

Greene Co. contains 1,000 square miles ; surface 
hilly, much good land, with a fair proportion of 
prairie and timber. Drained by branches of the 
Osage and White rivers. Pop. 1840, 5,372. Spring- 
field is the county seat, situated in a prairie on the 
top of the Ozark hill or mountain. 

Howard Co. contains 398 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, soil rich, woodland, some small prairies, and 
some excellent salt springs. The Missouri forms its 
isouthwestern boundary. Drained by Bonne Femme 
and Great Moniteau creeks, good mill streams, and 
Richland creek. Pop. 1840, 13,108. Fayette is 
the county seat. 

Jackson Co. contains 650 square miles; surface 
undulating, timber and prairie lands, soil excellent. 
The Missouri forms its northern boundary. Drained 
by the Big and Little Blue rivers, and Fire Prairie 
creek. Pop. 1840, 7,612. Independence is the 
county seat. 

Jefferson Co. contains about 590 square miles; 
surface hilly and broken, soil various ; minerals and 
springs abound. The Mississippi forms its eastern 



82 MISSOURI. 

boundary, and the Maramec a part of its northern 
boundary. Drained by Big river and Joachin creek, 
fine mill streams. Pop. 1840, 4,296. Hillsboro' 
is the county seat. 

Johnson Co. contains 785 square miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie predominates, soil very excellent. 
Drained by the Blackwater, and tributaries of the 
Osage rivers. Pop. 1840, 3,433. Warrensburg is 
the county seat. 

La Fayette Co. contains 730 square miles ; sur- 
face gently undulating, prairie and groves of timber, 
soil very rich. The Missouri river forms its north- 
ern boundary. Drained by several mill streams. 
Pop. 1840, 6,815. Lexington is the county seat. 

Lewis Co. contains 500 square miles ; surface 
undulating, prairie and timber land, soil very fertile. 
The Mississippi forms its eastern boundary. Drain-, 
ed by the Fabius and Wyaconda rivers. Pop. 1840, 
6,040. Waterloo is the county seat. 

Lincoln Co. contains 540 square miles ; surface 
various, timber and prairie, soil generally good. The 
Mississippi forms its eastern boundary. Principal 
streams, river Au Cuivre and branches. Pop. 1840, 
7,449. Troy is the county seat. 

Livingston Co. contains 510 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil first rate. Grand river and branches 
are the water courses. Pop. 1840, 4,325. Chilli- 
cothe is the county seat. 

Madison Co. contains about 780 square miles ; 
surface uneven, abounding in copper, lead, and iron 
ores. Drained by the St. Francis river and Castor 
creek. Pop. 1840, 3,395. Fredericktown is the 
county seat. 

Mucon Co. contains 972 square miles ; surface 



MISSOURI. 83 

undulating prairies, interspersed with groves of tim- 
ber, soil first rate. Principal streams, Grand, Chari- 
ton, and Salt rivers. Woodville is the principal town. 

Marion Co. contains 425 square miles; surface 
undulating, prairie and woodland, soil very rich. 
Streams are the Fabius river, and the North and 
South rivers. The Mississippi forms its eastern 
boundary. Pop. 1840, 9,623. Palmyra is the 
county seat. 

Miller Co. contains .560 square miles ; surface 
uneven, soil good on the margin of streams. The 
Osage river passes through this county. Pop. 1840, 
2,282. Tuscumbia is the county seat. 

Monroe Co. contains 744 square miles ; surface 
undulating, one-third prairie, soil good. Salt river 
and branches are the water courses. Pop. 1840, 
9,505. Paris is the county seat. 

Montgomery Co. contains 576 square miles ; sur- 
face undulating, woodland and prairie, soil in some 
parts good, in others thin. Drained by the river Au 
Cuivre and Loutre creeks. Pop. 1840, 4,371. Dan- 
ville is the county seat. 

Morgan Co. contains 1,000 square miles ; surface 
various, prairie and woodland, some minerals, soil 
very good on margin of streams. The south fork 
of river La Mine, Moreau creek, and some small 
branches of the Osage river drain its surface. Pop. 
1840, 4,407. Versailles is the county seat. 

New Madrid Co. contains about 1,260 square 
miles ; surface level, soil rich alluvion, lar^e amount 
of sunken lands by the earthquakes of 1811 and 
1812. The Mississippi forms its eastern boundary 
and Whitewater and St. John's drain its surface* 
Pop. 1840, 4,554. New Madrid is the county seat. 



84 MISSOURI. 

Perry Co. contains 400 square miles; surface 
various, soil on the bottoms first rate ; minerals, lead 
and iron. The Mississippi forms its northeastern 
boundary. Drained by several fine mill streams. 
Pop. 1840, 5,760. Perrysville is the county seat. 

Pettis Co. contains 600 square miles ; surface roll- 
ing. The settlements are in the groves, which are 
only where there is a water course, and which are 
divided by prairies, w^ide and extensive, soil first rate. 
Drained by branches of the river La Mine. Pop. 
1840, 2,9.30. Georgetown is the county seat. 

Pike Co. contains 650 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, one-third prairie, soil good. Salt river and 
river Au Cuivre are the principal water courses. 
The Mississippi forms its eastern boundary. Pop. 
1840, 10,646. Bowling Green is the county seat. 

The Platte Country is all that portion of the state 
between a line due north from the junction of the 
Missouri and Kansas rivers ; surface undulating, 
soil first rate, prairie and timber land. 

Polk Co. contains about 1,670 square miles ; sur- 
face undulating, prairie and timber, soil good. Drain- 
ed by Big Pomme de Terre, Niaugua, and Sac rivers. 
Pop. 1840, 8,449. Bolivar is the county seat. 

Pulaski Co. contains 1,332 square miles ; surface 
hilly, timber and prairie, soil good. Drained by the 
head waters of the Gasconade, and branches of thn 
Osage river. Pop. 1840, 6,529. Waynesville is 
the county seat. 

Ralls Go. contains about 640 square miles ; surface 
undulating, largest proportion timber, soil generally 
good. The Mississippi forms part of its eastern boun- 
dary, and Salt river passes through the county. Pop. 
1840, 5,670. New London is the county seat. 



MISSOURI. 85 

Randolph Co. contains 450 square miles ; surface 
level, woodland and prairie, soil good. Principal 
streams, east fork of Chariton and Silver creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 7,198. Huntsville is the county seat. 

Ray Co. contains 425 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, timber and prairie land, soil good. The 
Missouri forms its southern boundary. Crooked 
river drains its surface. Pop. 1840, 6,553. Rich- 
mond is the county seat. 

Ripley Co. contains over 4,000 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, good soil on the streams. Drained by Big 
Black, and Current and Eleven Point rivers. Pop. 
1840, 2,856. Van Buren is the county seat. 

Rives Co. contains 792 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, timber and prairie, soil rich. Principal 
streams. Grand river and branches. Name changed 
to Henry. 

Saline Co. contains 740 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, principally prairie land, soil good. Coal 
and iron ore exists, and numerous salt springs. 
The Missouri forms its eastern and northern boun- 
dary. Principal streams. La Mine river and branch- 
es. Pop. 1840, 5,258. Jonesboro is the county 
seat. 

St. Charles Co. contains 460 square miles ; surface 
various, the level bottoms and prairies have a very 
rich soil. The Missouri forms its southern, and 
the Mississippi and river Cuivre its northern boun- 
dary. Pop. 1840, 7,911. St. Charles is the coun- 
ty seat, and the second town in size and population 
in the state. 

St. Francis Co. contains 425 square miles ; sur- 
face hilly, soil generally good, iron ore exists. 
Drained by the St. Francis, Big and Establishment 
8 



86 MISSOURI. 

rivers. Pop. 1840, 3,211. Farmington is the county 
seat. 

St. Genevieve Co. contains 400 square miles; 
surface rolling and broken, bottoms rich, upland 
second rate. Copper, lead, and iron ore exist. Au 
Vase and Establishment rivers, and Coldwater creek 
drain its surface. Pop. 1840, 3,148. St. Genevieve 
is the county seat, and one of the oldest settlements 
in the state. 

St. Louis Co. contains about 550 square miles ; 
surface undulating, a large proportion of first rate 
land. The Mississippi forms its southeastern, the 
Missouri its northwestern, and the Maramec the 
most part of its southern boundary. Drained by 
several small streams. Pop. 1840, 35,979. St. Louis, 
the county seat, an incorporated city, is situated on 
the west bank of the Mississippi, 20 miles below the 
influx of the Missouri. " It occupies a plain, which, 
rising gently at an angle of about two and a half de- 
grees to a distance of six hundred yards from the riv- 
er, terminates in a horizontal plane, which extends 
far to the west, north and south." The city is built 
entirely over a substratum of limestone, which runs 
from the bed of the river along the whole eastern 
front of the city, and for several miles above and be- 
low and back into the interior, to a great distance. 
It contains a court-house, a hospital, an orphan asy- 
lum, eight churches, two market-houses, a nunnery, 
an academy, a museum, a theater, and 16,469 in- 
habitants. St. Louis is the great depot of the 
country west of the Mississippi to the shores of the 
Pacific. Steam vessels ply almost daily between 
New Orleans, Pittsburg, and the intermediate places 
on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers, northerly on the 



TttlSSOCRI. 87 

Upper Mississippi, and westerly on the Missouri riv- 
er. St. Louis is situated 856 miles west of Wash- 
ington city, 134 miles east of Jefferson city, and 
1;800 miles above New Orleans. 

Scott Co. contains about 800 square miles ; sur- 
face various, soil, a great proportion, exceedingly 
rich. The Mississippi forms its entire eastern boun- 
dary. Pop. 1840, 5,974. Benton is the county 
seat. 

Shelby Co. contains about 432 square miles ; sur- 
face level, prairie and timber, soil good. Coal banks 
on Salt river. The water courses are the North 
river and Salt river. Pop. 1840, 3,056. Shelby- 
ville is the county seat. 

Stoddard Co. contains about 900 square miles; 
surface, in the northern part, broken ; southern part, 
level, prairies and extensive swamps. The St. 
Francis river forms its western boundary, and the 
Great Swamp on the eastern. Pop. 1840, 3,153. 
Bloomfield is the county seat. 

Taney Co. occupies a large and partly unsurveyed 
region on the southern border of the state ; surface 
hilly and broken, soil fertile. Pop. 1840, 2,264. 
Drained by White river and tributaries. 

Van Buren Co. contains 648 square miles ; sur- 
face undulating, two-thirds prairie. Principal streams, 
Grand river and Big creek. Pop. 1840, 4,693. 
Harrisonville is the county seat. 

Warren Co. contains 350 square miles ; surface 
various, soil, on the bottoms, first rate, in northern 
part, good. The Missouri river forms its southern 
boundary. Drained by several small streams. Pop. 
1840, 4,253. Warrenton is the county seat. 

Washington Co. contains 820 square miles ; sur- 



88 MISSOURI. 

face generally hilly and broken, soil, in some parts, 
good. Minerals, iron, lead, silver, copper, copperas, 
chalk, black lead, &;c. Big river and tributaries 
afford many fine mill sites, and the head branches 
of Big, Black, and St. Francis, drain its surface. 
Pop. 1840, 7,231. Potosi is the county seat. 

Wayne Co. contains 1,180 square miles ; surface 
various, soil generally good. Principal streams, 
Big, Black, and St. Francis rivers. Pop. 1840, 
3,403. Greenville is the county seat. 

NEW COUNTIES. 

Adair Co. contains .567 square miles. Drained 
principally by Chariton river. Capital, Hopkinsville. 

Andrew Co. contains 475 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil fertile. It has the Mississippi river 
on the west. Drained by Platte and 102 rivers. 
Savannah is the county seat. 

Buchanan Co. contains 800 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil very fertile. The Mississippi forms 
its western boundary. Drained by Little Platte riv- 
er. Pop. 1840, 6,237. Sparta is the county seat. 

Dade Co. contains 960 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, soil fertile. Drained by Pomme de Terre 
river. Capital, Greenfield. 

Grundy Co. contains 410 square miles ; surface 
level, soil rich, prairie land. Drained by east fork 
of Grand river. Capital, Trenton. 

Henry Co. contains 792 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil fertile, principally prairie. Streams, 
Grand river and branches. Pop. 1840, 4,726. 
Capital, Clinton. 

Holt Co., situated in the northwest corner of the 



MISSOURI. 89 

state. Drained by tributaries of the Mississippi, which 
forms its southwestern boundary. Capital, Oregon. 

Jasper Co. contains 980 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil fertile. Drained by Neosho river 
Capital, Jasper. 

Kinderhook Co. contains 520 square miles. Drain 
ed by Osage river. Capital, Oregon. 

Linn Co. contains 588 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, soil fertile. Drained by Locust and Yel- 
low creeks. Pop. 1840, 2,245. Capital, Linneus. 

Niangua Co. contains 576 square miles. Drain- 
ed by Niangua river. Capital, Buffalo Head. 

Newton Qo. contains 1,150 square miles; surface 
level, soil very fertile. Drained by branches of 
Neosho river. Capital, Neosho. 

Oregon Co. contains 1,600 square miles. Drain- 
ed by Eleven Points river. Capital, Oregon C. H. 

Osage Co. contains 860 square miles. It has the 
Missouri river on the north. Drained by Gasconade 
and Osage rivers. Capital, Alexander. 

Ozark Co. contains 1,200 square miles. Drained 
by White river. Capital, Ozark C. H. 

Platte Co. contains 420 square miles. Drained 
by Little Platte river. Capital, Platte city. 

Shannon Co. contains 2,400 square miles. Drain- 
ed by Big, Black, and Current rivers. Capital, 
Shannon C. H. 

Scotland Co. contains 936 square miles. Drained 
by Fabius, Salt, and Wyaconda rivers. Capital, 
Edina. 

Taney Co. contains 1,426 square miles. Drained 
by White river. Pop. 1840, 2,264. Capital, Forsyth. 

Wright Co. contains 1,730 square miles. Drain- 
ed by Gasconade river. Capital, Hartsville. 
8* 



00 MICHIGAN. 



MICHIGAN. 

The State of Michigan is composed of two Penm- 
fiulas, formed by the great lakes Superior, Michigan, 
Huron, and Erie. Its boundaries are thus estabhsh- 
ed by an act of Congress. " Beginning at the point 
where a line, drawn direct from the southern ex- 
tremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape 
of Maumee Bay, intersects the eastern boundary line 
of the State of Indiana, and running thence with the 
said line to the said most northerly cape of the 
Maumee Bay ; and tWfence from the said PDrth cape 
of the said bay, north-east to the boundary Hne be- 
tween the United States and the province of Upper 
Canada ; thence, with said boundary line through the 
Detroit river. Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, to a 
point where the said line last touches Lake Superior 
(being the mouth of Pigeon river) ; thence in a direct 
line through Lake Superior, to the mouth of the 
Montreal river ; thence, through the main channel 
of the said river Montreal, to the middle of the Lake 
of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the nearest 
head water of the Monomonie river ; thence, through 
the middle of that fork of the said river first touched 
by said line, to the main channel of the said Mono- 
monie river ; thence down the center of the main 
channel of the same, to the center of the most usual 
ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan ; 
thence through the center of the most usual ship 
channel of the said bay, to the middle of Lake Michi- 
gan ; thence through the middle of Lake Michigan, 
to the northern boundary of the State of Indiana, as 
that line was established by the act of Congress of 



MICHIGAN. 91 

the nineteenth of April, 1816 ; thence, due east with 
the north boundary hne of the state of Indiana, to 
the north-east cornet thereof ; and thence south, with 
the east boundary hne of Indiana, to the place of be- 
ginning." 

Face of the Country, SfC. — The surface of the 
lower or southern peninsula is generally level, hav- 
ing very few elevations which may be termed hills. 
The interior is gently undulating, rising gradually 
from the lakes to the center of the peninsula, and is 
mostly covered with fine forests of timber, inter- 
spersed with "'oak openings," "plains," and beau- 
tiful " prairies." Along the eastern shore of Lake 
Michigan, are sand hills, thrown by the winds into 
innumerable fantastic forms, sometimes covered with 
stinted trees and scanty vegetation, but most general- 
ly bare ; on the shore of Lake Huron, are some high 
sand cliffs. The point formed by Lake Huron and 
Saginaw Bay is generally low and swampy. 

The forest trees are the same as in Ohio, with the 
addition of white and yellow pine ; fruit trees pro- 
duce abundantly. 

The soil is well adapted to wheat, rye, oats, bar- 
ley, flax, hemp, Indian corn, buck-wheat, &c. All 
kinds of garden vegetables, and the various species 
of grasses, thrive well. 

Rivers, — The southern peninsula of Michigan is 
drained by several large rivers and numerous smaller 
streams, which rise near the center and pass off in an 
easterly and westerly direction, with the exception of 
the Cheboigan and three or four smaller streams, which 
flow in a northerly direction ; the larger streams are 
navigable for boats and canoes nearly to their sources. 
Raisin and Huron rivers flow into Lake Erie, Rouge 



92 MICHIGAN. 

into the Detroit strait, Clinton, St. Clair, and Black 
river into the lake and strait of St. Clair* Saginaw 
river, formed by the junction of the Tittibawassee, 
Hare, Shiawassee, Flint and Cass rivers, enters into 
Saginaw Bay. Thunder Bay river and Cheboigan, 
with several smaller streams, flow into the northern 
part of Lake Huron. St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand 
and Maskego rivers, and several smaller streams, 
flow in a westerly direction into Lake Michigan. 
Tlie counties of Oakland, Livingston, Washtenaw, 
Barry, Jackson and Kalamazoo, abound with small 
clear lakes, from which are taken great quantities 
of fish of various kinds, and of most exquisite flavor. 
The Northern Peninsula. — *" The entire area com- 
prehended within the state limits west of lakes Mi- 
chigan and Huron, cannot be stated with accuracy 
m the present unsurveyed condition of the country ; 
but it cannot, if I have used proper data, vary greatly 
from twenty-two millions of acres." " Portions of 
it are the mere development of sublime scenery, which 
appertains to that comparatively elevated portion of 
the continent. Mountains and lakes, plains, rivers 
and forests, spread over it with a boldness of outline, 
which may be said to constitute almost a peculiar 
type in North American geography. This division 
embraces the mineral district of the region. Much 
of it falls under the influence of causes which render 
it of little or no value in an agricultural point of 
view : but it may be regarded as the seat of future 
mineral operations. Accuracy, with respect to the 
extent of either kind of soil, either in acres or miles, 
must be the result of explanation and survey. The 

* Schoolcraft. 



MICHIGAN. 93 

northern shores of Lake Michigan and Huron, as far 
as Point Detour, are exclusively limestone, where 
rock is at all visible, and this rock is characterised 
by the usual indications of gypsum and brine springs. 
The growth of trees in the newly acquired boundary 
is as various as the soils, and is, in general, an accu- 
rate index of its fertility. The sugar maple is inter- 
spersed throughout the tract, being separated by the 
sand plains, the mountain masses, and by tracts of 
spruce lands. This tree forms, however, so consi- 
derable a proportion of the growth, that the natives 
can always, by a timely removal of their camps, rely 
on the manufacture of sugar. The beech tree is found 
as far north as Point Iroquois, at the outlet of Lake 
Superior. I regard the white oak, however, as a surer 
test of soil and climate together, than any other of 
our forest trees. I doubt whether this tree ever attains 
its full size in a climate that is not decidedly con- 
genial to agriculture. The rock maple and red oak 
are found, at intervals, throughout the north-west ; I 
have seen both species at the sources of the Missis- 
sippi, but have not observed the beech north of the 
locality mentioned, nor the white oak north of the 
straits of Mackinac. The interior abounds in minor 
lakes, and enjoys a singular advantage of inter-com- 
munication by its streams and portages. The areas 
included between the three great lakes north of 
Mackinac, which will probably hereafter be denomi- 
nated the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, embraces 
the present settlements at Mackinac and Sault St. 
Marie. Taking the whole extent of the annexed ter- 
ritory from Menomonee river, following the curves 
of the coast to the north-west limits of the state at 
the mouth of the Moniaw or Montreal river of Lake 



04 MICHIGAN. 

Superior, it affords not less than 720 nniles of addi- 
tional coast navigation ; and embraces, in this dis- 
tance, several large bays and excellent harbors. 
About forty large and some sixty small streams dis- 
charge their waters into the three lakes constituting 
portions of the boundary." 

Form of Government SfC. — The powers of govern- 
ment are divided into three distinct departments ; the 
legislative, the executive, and the judicial. 

The legislative power is vested in a Senate and 
House of Representatives. Senators chosen every 
two years. Representatives annually. 

The executive power is vested in a governor. 
Term of service two years. 

The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, 
and such other courts as the legislature may from 
time to time establish. 

Every white male citizen of the United States, 
twenty-one years of age, having resided in the state 
six months preceding an election, is a qualified 
elector. 

COUNTIES IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. 

Allegan Co. contains 835 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil good. Principal streams, Kalamazoo, 
Black, and Rabbit rivers. Pop. 1840, 1,783. Al- 
legan is the county seat. 

Arenac Co. contains 400 square miles; on the 
north of Saginaw Bay, (unorganized.) 

Barry Co. contains 576 square miles. Principal 
stream, Thornapple river, many small lakes scatter- 
ed over its surface. Pop. 1840, 1,078. Hastings is 
the county seat. 



MICHI&AN. 95 

Berrien Co. contains 560 square miles ; surface 
gently undulating, timbered land, soil first rate. Lake 
Michigan forms its northwestern boundary, and the 
St. Joseph river passes through it in a northerly di- 
rection to Lake Michigan. Galien and Paw-paw 
are small streams. Pop. 1840,5,011. St. Josephs 
is the county seat. 

Branch Co. contains 510 square miles. Drained 
by the St. Josephs and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 5,011. 
Branch is the county seat. 

Calhoun Co. contains 720 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil good. Principal streams, Kalamazoo 
and St. Josephs and their branches. Pop. 1840, 
10,599. Marshall is the county seat. 

Cass Co. contains 505 square miles ; surface level, 
soil first rate, prairie and oak openings. Christiana, 
Dowagiake, and St. Josephs rivers are the princi- 
pal sfreams, checkered with many small lakes. 
Pop. 1840, 5,710. Cassopolis is the county seat. 

Chippewa Co. contains 7,500 square miles ; sur- 
face generally mountainous. Pop. 1840, 534. 
Sault de St. Marie is the county seat. 

Clinton Co. contains 476 square miles ; surface 
level, soil good. Streams, Grand, Looking Glass, 
and Maple rivers. Pop. 1840, 1.614. Capital, De 
Witt. 

Eaton Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
undulating, generally timbered, soil fertile. Streams, 
Grand and Thornapple rivers, and Battle creek. 
Pop. 1840, 2,379. Capital, Charlotte. 

Genesee Co. contains 504 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil good. Watered by the Flint and Shi- 
awassee rivers. Pop. 1840, 4,268. Flint is the 
county seat. 



96 #?*'" MICHIGAN. 

Gladwin Co. contains 576 square miles. The 
Tittibawassee river is the principal water course, 
(unorganized.) 

Gratiot Co. contains 576 square miles. Drained 
by Maple and Pine rivers, and Beaver Dam creek, 
(unorganized.) 

Hillsdale Co. contains 600 square miles ; surface 
generally hilly, timbered and oak openings, soil very 
rich. Drained by the St. Josephs, Kalamazoo, and 
the St. Josephs of the Maumee river. Pop. 1840, 
7,240. Jonesville is the county seat. 

Ingham Co. contains 565 square miles ; surface 
level, generally timbered. Principal streams, are the 
Grand and Red Cedar rivers. Pop. 1840, 2,498. 
The county seat is Vevay, located near the centre 
of the county. 

Ionia Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, and mostly limbered, soil excellent. Grand 
and Maple rivers are the principal streams. Pop. 
1840, 1,923. Ionia is the county seat. 

Iosco Co. contains about 800 square miles ; bound- 
ed northwesterly by Saginaw bay, and northeaster- 
ly by Lake Huron. Zappapoie and Black rivers 
are the principal streams, (unorganized.) 

Isabella Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
level, soil good. Chippewa river is the principal 
stream, (unorganized.) 

Jackson Co. contains 720 square miles ; surface 
rather hilly, oak openings and timbered, soil good. 
Drained by the head branches of the Grand, Kala- 
mazoo, and Raisin rivers, interspersed with numerous 
beautiful lakes. Pop. 1840, 13,130. Jackson is 
the county seat. 

Kalamazoo Co. contains 576 square miles ; sur. 



MICHIGAN. 97 

face level, timber and prairie, soil very rich. Kala- 
mazoo and Portage rivers are the principal water 
courses. Pop. 1840, 7,380. Kalamazoo is the 
county seat. 

Kent Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface roll- 
ing and broken, soil fertile. Grand, Thornapple, and 
Rouge rivers are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 
2,587. Grand Rapids is the county seat. 

La Peer Co. contains 828 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil rich. Drained by the Flint river 
and branches, Belle river and Mill creek. Pop. 
1840, 4,265. La Peer is the county seat. 

Lenawee Co. contains 536 square miles ; surface 
undulating, generally timbered, soil very fertile. 
Drained by the river Raisin and branches, and Tif- 
fin's river. Pop. 1840, 17,889. Adrian is the 
county seat. 

Livingston Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
gently undulating, soil rich. Drained by the Huron, 
Red Cedar, and Shiawassee rivers. Pop. 1840, 
7,430. Howell is the county seat. 

Mackinac Co. occupies a large portion of both 
peninsulas, and the islands of Mackinac, Bois Blanc, 
Drummond's, and several others — surface various. 
Pop. 1840, 923. Mackinac is the county seat. 

Macomb Co. contains 456 square miles ; surface 
generally undulating, soil first rate. Clinton river 
and branches, and Saline river are the principal 
water courses. Pop. 1840, 9,716. Mt. Clemens is 
the county seat. 

Midland Co. contains 560 square miles ; principal 
stream, Thibawassee and branches. Midland is the 
located county seat. 

Monroe Co. contains 540 square miles ; surface 
9 



89 MICHIGAN. 

level, soil rich. Streams, Raisin river. Bay, Otter, 
Plum, Sandy, and Stoney and Swan creeks. Lake 
Erie forms its soutlieastern boundary. Pop. 1840, 
9,922. Monroe is the county seat. 

Montcalm Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
level, soil good. Principal stream. Flat river, (un- 
organized.) 

Oakland Co. contains 720 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil good. Principal streams, Huron and 
Rouge rivers and branches. Drained by the head 
waters of Clinton, Huron, Flint, and Rouge and Shi- 
awassee rivers. There are numerous small lakes 
scattered over the county, forming pleasing scenes 
of freshness and beauty. Pop. 1840, 28,646. Pon- 
tiac is the county seat. 

Oceana Co. contains 956 square miles. Maske- 
go and Rouge rivers are the principal streams, (un- 
organized.) Pop. 1840, 496. 

Ottawa Co. contains about 700 square miles ; sur- 
face generally rolling, with sand bluffs on the lake 
shore, soil fertile. Lake Michigan forms its western 
boundary, and Grand river passes through the county 
in a westerly direction. Pop. 1840, 208. Grand 
Haven is the county seat. 

Saginaw Co. contains about 100 square miles ; 
surface level, soil fertile. Principal streams, Sagi- 
naw river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 892. Sagi 
naw is the county seat. 

Sanilac Co. contains about 730 square miles. 
Lake Pluron forms its eastern boundary. Drained 
by Cass and Dulude rivers, (unorganized.) 

Shiawassee Co. contains about 430 square miles ; 
surface generally level, soil fertile. Looking Glass. 
Maple, and Shiawassee rivers, are the principal wa 



MICHIGAN. d9 

ler courses. Pop. 1840, 2,103. Corunna is the 
county seat. 

St. Clair Co. contains about 930 square nniles ; 
surface undulating, soil fertile. Lake Huron and St. 
Clair strait form its eastern boundary. Black, Belle^ 
and Pine rivers are the principal streanfis. Pop. 
1840, 1,606. 

St. Joseph Co. contains 510 square miles ; surface 
undulating, oak openings and prairie, soil extremely 
fertile. Principal streams, St. Joseph and tributaries. 
Pop. 1840, 7,068. Centerville is the county seat. 

Tuscola Co. contains about 800 square miles ; 
surface level, some swamp. Cass river is the prin- 
cipal stream, (unorganized.) 

Washtenaw Co. contains 720 square miles; sur- 
face gently undulating, soil extremely fertile. Prin- 
cipal streams, Huron river and tributaries, and north 
branch of Raisin. Pop. 1840, 23,571. Ann Ar- 
bor is the county seat. 

Wayne Co. contains about 620 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil fertile. Detroit strait forms its east- 
ern boundary. Huron and Rouge are the principal 
streams. Pop. 1840, 24,173. Detroit, the county 
seat of Wayne co., and capital of the state, is situa- 
ted on the west bank of " the strait." The plain 
on which it stands, is elevated about 30 feet above 
the surface of the water, commanding an extensive 
view of the surrounding country. The public build- 
ings consist of the state house, city hall, a state peni- 
tentiary, jail, and a government magazine, 8 church- 
es, 3 markets, a theater, museum, and circus. De- 
troit is the great commercial emporium of the state, 
and has long been the principal depot of the fur trade 
of the northwest region. The country around is 

l.oFC. 



100 MICHIGAN. 

rapidly settling; there are five state roads diverging 
from the city, and two railroads in progress of con- 
struction. Steam vessels ply daily between Buffalo 
and the intermediate places, from the opening of 
navigation in the spring, until the close in autumn ; 
extending their trips to Chicago and the upper lakes; 
besides which, a large number of vessels are em- 
ployed in the lake trade. Detroit was first settled 
by the French, about 1683. Pop. 1810, was 770; 
in 1820, 1,442; 1830, 2,222; 1840, 9,102. De- 
troit is situated 296 miles west from Buflalo, 186 
north from Columbus, and 526 northwest of Wash- 
ington city. 

Van Buren Co. contains 633 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil fertile. Drained by Paw-paw and 
Black rivers, and Dowagiake and Brush creeks. 
Pop. 1840, 1,910. Capital, Paw-paw. 

Several new counties have been erected lately, 
their names will be found in the following table : 

Aischum Missaukie 

Ananiickee Negvvegon 

Choboigon Necwaygo 

Cheonogut Notipekago 

Huron Ogemaw 

Kaynotin Otneena 

Kautawaubet Oscola 

Kaykakee Okkuddo 

Keskauko Presqu'Isle 

Leelenaw Shawano 

Manistee Tonedagana 

Mecosta Unwattin 

Megissee Wabassee 

Mikenauk Wyandot 



MICHIGAN. 101 



INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 

The Southern railroad^ commencing at the navi- 
le waters of the Raisin river, to pass through 
Monroe, Adrian, Mason, Centerville, Mottville, and 
terminating at New Buffalo. Length, 183 miles. 
Finished to Hillsdale. 

Central, or Detroit and St. Joseph'' s railroad^ com- 
mencing at Detroit and passes through Ypsilanti, 
Ann Arbor, Jackson, Marshall, and Kalamazoo, and 
to terminate at St. Josephs. Length, 194 miles. 
Finished to Marshall. 

Northern railroad, to commence at Port Huron, 
and extend to Grand Haven. Length, 201 miles. 
Survey completed. 

Havre Branch railroad, to commence at Havre 
and intersect the Erie and Kalamazoo railroad, near 
the Ohio line. Length, 13 miles. 

The Erie and Kalamazoo railroad, designed to con- 
nect the navigable waters of the Maumee and Kala- 
mazoo rivers. Finished from Toledo, Ohio, to Adrian, 
Michigan, a distance of 33 miles. 

Numerous other railroads have been laid out and 
commenced, and also the Clinton and Kalamazoo ca- 
nal, designed to connect the waters of Lakes Mich- 
igan and St. Clair. Length, 216 miles. But this, 
with several other proposed canals, are for the pre- 
sent suspended. 

0* 



102 



WISCONSIN. 



WISCONSIN. 



Wisconsin Territory embraces all that portion 
of country lying north of the State of Illinois; east 
of the Mississippi river, and a line drawn due north 
from its source to the boundary between the United 
States and the British possessions ; and west of the 
Montreal and Menomonee rivers, and Lake Michigan. 

Govemmenl. — The legislative power is vested in 
the governor and the legislative assembly. 

The legislative assembly consists of a council of 
thirteen members, elected for four years, and a 
House of Representatives of twenty-six members, 
elected for two years. 

Face of the Country, S^-c. — The surveyed part, 
south of Green Bay, Fox, and Wisconsin rivers, is 
composed of timbered and prairie land, with some 
swamps, or wet prairies, having generally a soil 
from one to ten feet deep. 

All kinds of crops which are raised in northern 
latitudes may be cultivated with success ; and, owing 
to the great range of pasturage on the prairies, it is 
an uncommonly fine stock-raising country. The 
counties of Grant and Iowa abound with lead and 
copper ore. This region is well watered with clear 
perennial streams and springs. North of the Wis- 
consin commences a hilly, and thence northward 
gradually swelling into a mountainous region, the sur- 
face becomes rugged and broken, the streams rush- 
ing down falls and rapids, forming in many places, 
wild and picturesque views. Near the sources of 
the Mississippi is an elevated table land, abounding 
with lakes and swamps, filled with wild rice and fish. 



WISCONSIN. 103 

Bordering the Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, the 
soil is rich, and the surface most generally covered 
with a heavy growth of timber. 

SKETCH OF EACH COUNTY. 

Brown Co. contains (surveyed part) 1,150 square 
miles ; timbered land, soil good, though rather too 
wet and cold. Lake Michigan forms its eastern 
boundary. Pop. 1840, 2,107. Green Bay is the 
county seat. Brown Co. also extends over all that 
part of the territory east of a line due north from Fort 
Winnebago, and north of Fox river. 

Crawford Co. contains all that portion of country 
west of Brown county, north of Wisconsin river, and 
east of the Mississippi. Surface hilly and mountain- 
ous, soil first rate on the river bottoms. It contains 
the heaviest and best pineries in America, with a 
great sufficiency of water power for saw mills, &c. 
Pine trees, two to five feet in diameter, very high, 
and free from knots. Lumber averages from 2i te 
4^ cents per foot, between Prairie du Chien and St. 
Louis. Pop. 1840', 1,502. Prairie du Chien is the 
county seat. 

Dane Co. contains 1,234 square miles; one quar- 
ter prairie land. Principal streams, are the Wiscon- 
sin river on the north-west, and Catfish i-iver and 
Sugar creek on the south. The Four lakes are 
situated nearly in the center of the county, beautiful, 
clear sheets of water, abounding with fine fish, and 
surrounded with a fine farming country. Pop. 
1838, 172, and 1839, 500. Madison, the capital 
of the territory, is situated between the Third and 
Fourth lakes, is rapidly improving and settling, and 



104 



WISCONSIN. 



is the most beautiful and healthy town site in the 
west. 

Dodge Co. contains 756 square miles ; some 
prairie, and a good deal of swampy land. Principal 
streams are Rock and Beaverdam rivers, and Rubi- 
con creek. Pop. 1840, 67. 

Fond du Lac Co. contains about 800 square miles ; 
about one sixth prairie and some swamps. Fox river 
and Lake Winnebago on the north. Drained by Rock 
and Milwaukee rivers, Crocodile and Martin's creeks. 
Fond du Lac, at the head of Winnebago lake, is the 
proposed county seat. Pop. 1840, 139. 

Grant Co. contains between 11 and 1200 square 
miles ; principally rolling, prairie land. Lead and 
copper ore. The Mississippi forms iiS western, and 
the Wisconsin river its northern boundary. Drained 
by the Blue, Grant and Platte rivers. This county 
offers great inducements to emigrants, as a great 
proportion of the land is reserved from sale, on ac- 
count of the lead ore contained in it ; the right of 
pre-emption to which will no doubt be given here- 
after to all who now are, or hereafter may settle 
upon it. The soil, including mineral land, is extreme- 
ly productive, and yields from 50 to 65 bushels of 
corn to the acre, 60 to 70 oats, 20 to 35 wheat, and 
rye and barley in like proportions, and vegetables not 
surpassed either for quality or quantity. Pop. 1840, 
3,926. Lancaster is the county seat. 

Green Co. contains 576 square miles ; considera- 
ble prairie land. Copper and lead ore. Peckatona- 
kee river and Sugar creek are the principal streams. 
Pop. 1840, 933. 

Iowa Co. contains over 1,300 square miles; large 
and beautiful prairies. Copper and lead ore in great 



WISCONSIN. 105 

quantities. Principal streams are the Peckatonakee 
and Fever rivers, and several small streams that 
empty into the Wisconsin river, which forms its 
northern boundary. Pop. 1840, 3,978. Mineral 
Point is the county seat. 

Jefferson Co. contains 576 square miles ; timber- 
ed, with considerable swampy land. Streams, Rock 
river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 914. Jefferson 
is the county seat. 

Manitoowoc Co. contains 468 square miles ; heav- 
ily timbered, good land, some small swamps. Prin- 
cipal stream, Manitoowoc river and branches. Pop. 
1840, 235. Manitoowoc is the proposed county seat. 

Milwaukee Co. contains 800 square miles ; a fine 
timbered county. Streatns, Milwaukee river, (an 
excellent mill stream,) Manawakee, Root, Des 
Plaines, Fox, and branches of Rock river. Lake 
Michigan forms its eastern boundary. Pop. 1840, 
5,605. Milwaukee is the county seat. 

Portage Co. contains 756 square miles ; surface 
level, timber and prairie. The Wisconsin and Fox 
river forms its western boundary. Pop. 1840, 1,623. 
Fort Winnebago is the county seat. 

Racine Co. contains 610 square miles; surface 
undulating, timbered land, soil rich. Lake Michi- 
gan forms its eastern boundary. Streams, Des 
Plaines, Fox, Pike, and Root rivers. Pop. 1840, 
3,475. Racine is the county seat. 

Rock Co. contains 720 square miles; surface 
level, large proportion prairie, soil good. Principal 
streams. Rock river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 
1,701. Rockport is the county seat. 

Sheboigan Co. contains about 500 square miles ; 
heavily timbered, soil good. Lake Michigan forms 



JOd SCOWSIW. 

its eastern boundary. Sheboigan river and branches 
are the principal streams. Pop. 1840, 133. She- 
boigan is the county seat. 

Walworth Co. contains 675 square miles ; surface 
level, timbered and prairie land, soil very fertile. 
Drained by Turtle creek. Pop. 1840, 2,611. 

Washington Co. contains 675 square miles ; sur- 
face covered with timber. Milwaukee river is the 
principal stream. Lake Michigan forms its eastern 
boundary. Pop. 1840, 843. 

Calumet Co. contains 300 square miles ; surface 
undulating. It has Winnebago lake on its west 
border. Drained by Manitowoc river. Pop. 1840, 
725. Capital, Calumet. 

Marquette Co. contains 370 squrre miles; sur- 
face level. Drained by Neenah or Fox river. Pop. 
1840, 18. Capital, Marquette. 

St. Croix Co., situated in the northwest part of the 
territory ; surface hilly and broken. Drained by 
St. Clair, Rum, and St. Francis rivers. Pop. 1840, 
809. Capital, St. Croix. 

Sauk Co. contains 860 square miles. Drained 
by Wisconsin river and branches. Pop. 1840, 102. 
Capital, Prairi du Sac. 

Winnebago Co. contains 500 square miles. 
Drained by Neenah and Punwaygun rivers. Pop. 
1840, 135. Capital, Oshkosh. 

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. 

The Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien railroad, to com- 
mence at Milwaukee, on Lake Michigan, and terminate at 
Prairie du Chien on the Mississippi river. 

The Portage canal, to connect Wisconsin and Fox rivers, 
forming a steamboat navigation between Bufifalo and New 
Orleans. 



IOWA. 107 



IOWA. 



Iowa Territory embraces all that portion of 
country lying north of the State of Missouri, west of 
the Mississippi river, and a line due north from its 
source to the British possessions, south of the British 
possessions, and east of the Missouri and White-earth 
rivers. This country was erected into a separate 
territorial government by act of Congress, in June, 
1838 ; the commencement of the government dated 
from the 4th of the succeeding July. 

The legislative power is vested in the Governor 
and the Legislative Assembly, which consists of a 
council of 13 members, elected for 2 years, and a 
House of Representatives of 26 members, elected 
annually. The sum of $20,000 has been appropri- 
ated by the government of the United States, to erect 
public buildings at the seat of the territorial govern- 
ment. 

That part of the territory which has been survey- 
ed, is a strip on the Mississippi of about an average 
width of 60 miles ; extending from the north boun- 
dary of the state of Missouri, a distance of 210 
miles, to the Yellow river. This portion is more or 
less settled ; it is a beautiful, fertile, healthy, and un- 
dulating country, interspersed with timber lands and 
prairies, abounding in springs and mill streams. It 
is now settling very rapidly, with enterprising and 
industrious inhabitants. The streams rise in the 
great prairies, and those which have an easterly 
course unite with the Mississippi, the eastern boun- 
dary of the territory, while those which flow in a 
westerly direction, fall into the Missouri river. The 



108 IOWA. 

streams which flow through the surveyed part are 
the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, Wapsipinecon, Maco- 
queta, Turkey, and Yellow rivers ; further north, is 
the Upper Iowa, and still further, the St. Peter's 
river, which rises near the " sacred red pipestone 
quarries^' of the Indians. 

COUNTIES IN IOWA. 

Buchanan Co., drained by Macoqueta and Wap- 
sipinecon rivers, (unorganized.) 

Cedar Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
undulating, soil fertile. Watered by Cedar river 
and branches. Pop. 1840, 1,253. Capital, Tipton. 

Clayton Co. contains 720 square miles ; surface 
undulating, bluffs on the margin of the Mississippi. 
Lead mines have been found. Drained by Turkey 
river. Pop. 1840, 1,101. Capital, Prairie La Porte. 

Delaware Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
rolling, soil fertile. Drained by Macoqueta river 
and branches. Pop. 1840, 168. 

Des Moines Co. contains 410 square miles ; sur- 
face undulating, soil very fertile. The Mississippi 
river flows on its east border. Drained by Skunk 
river and tributaries. Pop. 1840, 5,577. Capital, 
Burlington. 

Du Buque Co. contains 640 square miles ; surface 
uneven, soil productive. This county contains the 
richest portion of the mineral region in Iowa. It 
has the Mississippi on its east boundary. Drain- 
ed by several small streams, falling into the Missis- 
sippi. Pop. 1840, 3,059. Capital, Du Buque. 

Fayette Co. ; surface level, soil fertile. Drained 
by the Macoqueta, Turkey, and Wapsipinecon nv- 
ers, C unorganized.) 



IOWA. 109 

Henry Co. contains 432 square miles; surface 
high, dry, and rolling ; soil, dark loam, of most ex- 
haustless fertility. Drained by Checauque river and 
tributaries. Pop. 1840, 3,772. Capital, Mount 
Pleasant. 

Jackson Co. contains 629 square miles ; surface 
undulating, or slightly broken, soil fertile. The 
Mississippi river forms its eastern boundary. It has 
great mineral riches, containing a variety of rich 
ores. Pop. 1840, 1,411. Capital, Bellevue. 

Jefferson Co. contains 380 square miles ; surface 
level, soil fertile. Drained by Checauque river and 
branches. Pop. 1840, 2,773. Capital, Fairfield. 

Johnson Co. contains 610 square miles; surface 
uneven, soil fertile. Drained by Iowa river and 
branches. Pop. 1840, 1,491. Capital, Iowa city. 

Jones Co. contains 576 square miles ; surface 
gently undulating, soil fertile. Drained by Maco- 
queta and Wapsipinecon rivers. Pop. 1840, 471. 
Capital, Edinburg. 

Lee Co. contains 600 square miles ; surface un- 
dulating, soil fertile. Drained by Checauque and 
Des Moines rivers. Pop. 1840, 6,093. Capital, 
Fort Madison. 

Linn Co. contains 720 square miles ; surface gen- 
tly undulating, soil very fertile. Drained by Iowa 
and Wapsipinecon rivers and branches. Pop. 1840, 
1,373. Capital, Marion. 

Louisa Co. contains 442 square miles ; surfacf 
various, soil very fertile. It has the Mississippi or 
its east border. Drained by Iowa river and branches. 
Pop. 1840, 1,927. Capital, Wappelo. 

Muscatine Co. contains 440 square miles ; sur- 
face various, soil along the Mississippi, which bounds 
10 



110 IOWA. 

it on the east, exceedingly fertile. Drained by Red 
Cedar river. Pop. 1840, 1,942. Capital, Bloom- 
ington. 

Scott Co. contains 540 square miles ; surface 
gently rolling, soil very fertile. It has the Missis- 
sippi river on the east. Drained by Wapsipiiiecon 
river. Pop. 1840, 2,140. Capital, Davenport. 

Van Buren Co. contains 504 square miles ; sur- 
face various, soil ver}'' fertile. Drained by the Des 
Moines river and branches. Copper, iron, and tin 
ore, and a fine marble are found. Pop. 1840, 6,146. 
Capital, Kesauque. 

Washington Co. contains 576 square miles ; sur- 
face level, soil fertile. Drained by Checauque and 
Iowa rivers and branches. Pop. 1840, 1,594. 
Capital, Washington. 

That portion of Iowa ceded by the Sacs and 
Foxes to the United States in 1842, and included 
in the counties of Davis, Appanouse, Wappelo, 
Kishkeekosh, Keokuck, Mahaska, Iowa, Powashiek, 
Benton, Tama, and Blackhawk, is similar to the 
adjoining counties on the east as regards its surface, 
and the quality of its soil is unsurpassed. 



PRINCIPAL STAGE ROUTS IN OHIO. 



Ill 



PRINCIPAL STAGE ROUTS IN OHIO. 



From Columbus to Pi 
Pa. 

To Reynoldsburg, 
Kirkersville, . 
Hebron, . . 
Brownstown, 
Kanesville, . 
Norwich, . . 
Cambridge, . 
Washington, . 
Middleburn, . 
Fairview, . . 
Morristown, . 
St. Clairsviile, 
Wheeling, Va, 
Washington, Pa, 
Pittsburg, . . . 



ttsburg, 



27 

39 

53 

65 

77 

85 

91 

99 

109 

118 

127 

159 

184 



From Columbus to Washing- 
ton City. 

To WheeHng, Va. . 127 . 

• Washington, Pa., 32 159 

• Cumberland,. . 99 258 

• Hagarstown, . . 64 322 

• Frederick, . . 26 348 

• Washington City, 40 393 



From Columbus to Pittsburg, 
Pa., via Steubenville. 



To Cambridge, . . 


77 


, 


• Cadiz, .... 


40 


117 


• Steubenville, . . 


24 


141 


' Pittsburg, . . 


35 


176 



From Columbus to Portsmnh. 



To Circleville, . 

• Chillicothe, . 

• Piketon, . . 

• Portsmouth, . 



From Columbus to Cincinnati. 
To Mt. Sterling, . . I 221 
• Washington, . . | 171 17 



From Columbus to Cincinnati, 


♦ Wilmington, . . 


20 


59 


' ClarksviUe, . . 


8 


67 


* Goshen, . . . 


10 


83 


♦ Milford, . . . 


8 


ai 


' Cincinnati, . . 


14 


105 


From Columbus to Indiana. 


polis, la. 




To Jefferson, . . . 


14 


. 


' La Fayette, . . 


8 


22 


♦ Brighton, . . . 


9 


31 


• Springfield, . . 


12 


43 


♦ Fairfield, . . . 


13 


56 


* Dayton, . . . 


12 


68 


* Eaton, .... 


24 


92 


* Richmond, la., . 


17 


109 


♦ Centerville, . . 


6 


115 


* Cambridge, . . 


9 


124 


' Lewisville, . . 


10 


134 


' Charlottesville, . 


14 


148 


♦ Portland, . . . 


2 


150 


* Greenfield, . . 


6 


156 


* Cumberland, . . 


10 


166 


» Indianapolis, . . 


11 


177 


From Columbus to Gr 


eenville. 


To Jefferson, . . . 


14 


. 


♦ Mechanicsburg, 


18 


32 


* Urbanna, . . . 


11 


43 


' Piqua, .... 


27 


70 


* Greenville, . . 


50 


12G 


From Columbus to C 


hicago. 


Bellefontaine, . . 


52 


, 


St. Mary's, . . . 


40 


92 


Willshire, .... 


24 


116 


Fort Wayne, . . . 


28 


144 


Chicago, .... 


373 


507 


From Columbus to Sa 


ndusky. 


To Worthington, . 


9 . 


• Delaware, . . 


15 


,24 



112 



DISTANCES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 



Wrom Columbus to Sandusky. 



Norton, 
Marion, . . 
Bucyrus, . . 
Sandusky City, 



From Columbus to Cleveland. 
11 



ToBlendon, . 

' Galena, . 

• Centerburg, 

• Mt. Vernon, 

• Loudonville, 

♦ Wooster, . 

* Jackson, . 

* Medina, . 

* Strongsville, 

* Cleveland, 



From Buffalo, N. F. 

land. 
To Fredonia, . . 

• Erie, Pa., . . 

• Conneaut, 

• Ashtabula, . 

• Unionville, 

• Painesvllle, . 

• Willoughby, . 



, to Cleve- 



10 172 



From Buffalo, N. F., to Cleve. 
land. 

♦ Euclid, ... I 101182 

• Cleveland, . . | 10|l92 



From Cleveland to Perrysb'g. 



To Rockport, . . 


8 


. 


' Elyria, . . . 


15 


23 


' Vermillion river, 


14 


37 


• Norwalk, . . . 


16 


53 


» Monroe, . . . 


4 


57 


' Amsden, . . . 


10 


67 


« Lower Sandusky, 


15 


82 


♦ Portage river, . 


15 


97 


' Perrysburg, . . 


16 


113 



From Cincinnati to Sandusky 

City. 

To Lebanon, ... 30 . 

* Xenia, .... 24 54 
' Springfield, . . 18 72 

* Urbanna, ... 14 86 
' Maysville, . . 23 109 
' Marion, . . . 27 136 

* Bucyrus, ... 18 154 

* Caroline, . . . 17 171 
' Sandusky City, . 29 200 



DISTANCES ON THE OHIO CANAL. 



Names of Places. 


M 




309 


Names of Places. 






is 


Cleveland, . . . 






Lockport, . . . 


4 


97 


212 


Mill Creek, . 




9 


9 


300 


Trenton, .... 


6 


103 


206 


Boston, . . 




12 


21 


288 


Gnadenhutten, . . 


.5 


108 


201 


Old Portage, 




11 


32 


277 


Port Washington, 


4 


112 


197 


Akron, . . 




6 


38 


271 


New Connerstown, 


6 


118 


191 


New Portage, 
Clinton, . . 




6 

8 


44 
62 


265 
257 


Evansburg, . . . 
New Port. . . . 


4 
10 


122 
132 


187 
177 


Fulton. . . 




4 


56 


253 


Roscoe, .... 


3 


135 


174 


Massillon, . 




9 


65 


244 


Adams' Mills, . . 


10 


145 


164 


Bethlehem, . 




6 


71 


238 


Webbsport, . . . 


4 


149 


160 


Bolivar, . . 
Dorer, . . 




9 
13 


80 
93 


229 
216 


Frazeysburg, . . 
Nashport, . . . 


6 
6 


155 
161 


154 
148 



STAGE KOUTS IN MICHIGAN. 



113 



Names of Places. 



Lickingtown, . 
Newark, . 

Hebron, . . . 

Millersport, . . 

Baltimore, . , 
Havensport, 

Carrol, . . . 

Winchester. . . 

Lockburn, . . 

Bloomfield, . . 

Circleville, . . 

Deer Creek, . . 

Chiflicothe, . . 

Waverley, . . 

Jasper, . . . 

Brush Creek, . 

Portsmouth, . . 



i> 

PhCJ 
170 
176 
185 
19.1 
196 
•202 
204 
290 
221 
228 
236 
250 
258 
280 
286 
301 



S2 

£g 

139 
133 
124 
118 
113 
107 
105 
99 
88 
81 
73 
59 
51 
29 
23 
8 




MIAMI CANAL. 



Cincinnati, 
Carthage, 



I 178 
121 166 



Names of Places. 


c . 


o C 


is 




►SS 


^■6 

28 


^A 


Hamilton, . . . 


16 


150 


Middletown, 




14 


42 


136 


Franklin, . . 




4 


46 


133 


Miamiesburg, . 




5 


51 


127 


Dayton, . . 




15 


66 


113 


Troy, . . . 




22 


88 


90 


Piqua, . . . 




8 
2 


96 

98 


82 


Loramies Creek 


, . 


80 


St. Mary's, 




26 


124 


54 


Junction, . . . 




54 


178 





WABASH AND ERIE CANAI,. 


From Manhattan to the Indiana 


State line. 


To Toledo, 


3 




' Maumee, .... 


9 


12 


' Head of the Rapids, 


18 


30 


' Defiance, .... 


32 


63 


' Junction, .... 


9 


71 


' State line, . 


, 


. . 


16 


BT 



STAGE ROUTS IN MICHIGAN. 



From Detroit to Chicago, II. 
linois. 



To Ypsilanti, . . 
Saline, . . . 
Clinton, . . 
Jonesville, 
Coldwater, . 
Sherman, . . 
Mottville, . . 
Adamsville, . 
Edwardsburg, 
Bertrand, . . 
La Porte, la., 
Valparaiso, . 
Chicago, m., . 



mgo 


it- 




32 


20 


52 


7 


59 


44 


103 


20 


123 


22 


145 


6 


151 


13 


164 


5 


169 


9 


178 


27 


205 


21 


226 


50 


276 



From L. Sandusky, 


, to Det. 


To Perrysburg, . . 


32 


. 


' Maumee, . . . 


1 


33 


« Toledo, , . . 


10 


43 


' Monroe, . . . 


18 


61 


♦ Brownstown, 


18 


79 


' Detroit, . . . 


23 


102 


From Monroe to Jackson. 


To Dundee, . . . 


15 




' Tecumseh, . . 


16 


31 


« Clinton, . . . 


6 


37 


♦ Napoleon, . . 


16 


53 


• Jackson, . . . 


12 


65 


From Toledo, by RaiLRoad, 


To Adrian, . . . 


33 


. 



114 STAGE ROUTS IN INDIANA. 

STAGE ROUTS IN INDIANA. 



From Indianapolis to Cincin- 


From Indianapolis 


to Ma. 


nati, Ohio, via Brookville. 


dison. 




To Sugar Creek, . 


. 


16 


« Vernon, . . . 


9 


64 


♦ Morristown, . . 


11 


27 


« Lancaster, . . 


12 


76 


* Burlington, . . 


7 


34 


• Madison, . . . 


10 


86 


• Rushville, . . 

• Laurel City, . . 


8 
17 


42 
59 


From Indianapolis 
donia. 


to Fre. 


• Brookville, . . 


13 


72 




• New Trenton, . 


11 


83 


To Far West, . . 


. 


16 


• Harrison, . . . 


6 


89 


' Martinsville, . . 


la 


29 


• Miami, . . . 


7 


96 


• Bloomington, 


19 


48 


• Cheviot, . . . 


7 


103 


' Springville, . . 


19 


67 


♦ Cincinnati, . . 


7 


110 


♦ Bedford, . . . 


9 


76 






' Orleaus, . . . 
* Paoli, .... 


14 

8 


90 


From Indianapolis t 


9 Cincin- 


98 


nati, via Lawreni 


:eburg 


♦ Miltown, . . . 


19 


117 


and Napoleor 


I. 


' Levenworth, . . 


10 


127 


To New Bethel, . . 


6 

7 


9 

15 
22 


' Fredonia, . . . 


4 


131 




vv rigmsuait;, 
Brandywine, . . 


From Indianapolis to Terre 




Shelbyville, . . 


5 


27 


Haute. 






Middletown, . . 


8 


35 


To Bridgeport, . . 


. 


9 




St. Omer, . . 


3i 


38i 


' Plainfield, . . 


6 


15 




Greensburg, . . 


9i 


48 


•« Belleville, . . . 


5 


20 




Napoleon, . . 


13 


61 


' Stilesville, . . 


8 


28 




Laughery, . . 


12 


73 


♦ Mount Meridian, 


8 


36 




Manchester, . . 


8 


81 


' Putnamsville, 


6 


42 




* Lawrenceburg, . 


10 


91 


» Manhattan, . . 


3 


45 




Hardingsburg, . 


2i 


93i 


' Van Buren, . . 


15 


60 




» Elizabethtown, . 


3i 
11 

7 


97 
108 
115 


« Terre Haute, . 


11 


71 




Cheviot, . . . 
Cincinnati. . . 


From Indianapolis 


to WiU 






liamsport. 
To Clermont, . . 




From Indianapolis 


to Ma. 


. 


9 


dison. 




* Brownsburg, 


5 


14 


To Greenwood, . . 




11 


• Jamestown, . . 


13 


27 


* FrankUn, . . . 


'9 


20 


« Crawfordsville, . 


17 


44 


• Edinburg, . . 


10 


30 


♦ Hillsboro, . . . 


12 


56 


• Columbus, . . 


11 


41 


♦ Rob Roy, . . . 


14 


70 




' Scipio, . . . . 


14 


55 


♦ Williamsport, . 


4 


74 



STAGE ROUTS IN INDIANA. 



115 



From Indianapolis to La Fay. j 


From Jeffersonville to Co. 


ette. 


1 


lumbus. 


To Pike ton, . . . 




9 


To Hamburg, . . 




9 


* Rodman's, . . 


6 


15 


' New Providence, 


12 


21 


♦ Lebanon, . . . 


12 


27 


• Salem, . . . 


13 


34 


• Thorntown, . . 


9 


36 


♦ Drusilla, . . . 


12 


46 


• Frankfort, . . 


12 


48 


♦ Valonia, . . . 


6 


52 


• Huntersville, . . 


13 


61 


♦ Brownstown, 


3 


55 


« Dayton, . . . 


5 


66 


' Rockford, . . 


12 


67 


• La Fayette, . . 


8 


74 


♦ Reddington, . . 


5 


72 






♦ Azaha, . . . 

* Columbus, . . 


3 

9 


75 






84 


From Indianapolis 
Bend. 


to South 








From New Albany to Vin- 


To Augusta, . . . 

• Eagle Village, . 

♦ Northfield, . . 


5 
4 


9 
14 

18 


cennes. 
To Greenville, . . 
♦ M'Callan'sM R'ds, 


7 


12 
19 


• Kirklin, . . . 


12 


30 


• Fredericsburg, . 


9 


24 


• Michigantown, . 

• Burlington, . . 

• Deer Creek, . . 


10 
11 

7 


40 
51 

58 


♦ Paoli, .... 

* Columbiaville, . 
« Mount Pleasant, 


18 
17 
10 


42 

59 
69 


* Logansport, . . 

* Meteor, . . . 

* Rochester, . . 


10 
13 


68 
81 


• Washington, 

• Berrysville, . . 


17 

7 


86 
93 


11 


92 


♦ Vincennes, . . 


14 


107 


♦ Chippewa, . . 


3 


95 


From Evansville to Logans. 


* Sidney, . . . 


9 


104 


port, via Vincennes, Terre 


• Plymouth, . . 


8 


112 


Haute, and La Fayette. 


• South Bend, . . 


24 


136 


To Sandersville, . . 
« Princeton, . . 


18 


10 

28 






jFrom Indianapolis it 


? Green. 


♦ Patoka, . , . 


3 


31 


ville, Ohio, 


1 


♦ Vincennes, . . 


20 


51 


To Allison ville,' . . 




10 


' West Union, 


14 


65 


* NoblesvilJe, ' . . 


11 


21 


« Carlisle, . . . 


8 


73 


* Strawtown, . . 


7 


28 


♦ Merom, . . . 


11 


84 


• Andersontown, . 


14 


42 


* Turman's Creek, 


9 


93 


• Mill Creek, . . 


5 


47 


♦ Prairi« Creek, . 


7 


100 


* Yorktown, . . 


7 


54 


« Honey Creek, . 


7 


107 


• Muncietown, 


6 


68 


' Terre Haute, . 


7 


114 


• Windsor, . . . 


6 


74 


♦ Otter Creek, . . 


8 


122 


Winchester, . . 


10 


84 


« CHnton, . . . 


6 


128 


. Greenville, . . 


21 


105 


* Montezuma, . . 


10 


138 



116 



STAGE ROUTS IN ILLINOIS. 



From Evansville to Logans. 


From Evansville to Logans. 


port, via Vincennes, Terre 


port, via Vincennes, Terre 


Haute, and La Fayette. 


Haute, and La Fayette. 


• Newport, . . . 


9 


147 


« La Fayette, . . 


11 


206 


• Eugene, . . . 


7 


154 


« Battle Ground, . 


8 


214 


• Perrysville, . . 


7 


161 


• Americus, . . 


4 


218 


• Covington, . . 


7 


168 


' Delphi, . . . 


7 


225 


« Portland, . . . 


7 


175 


♦ Pleasant Run, . 


Q 


228 


• Williamsport, . 


6 


181 


♦ Tiptonsport, . . 


5 


233 


« Attica, .... 


a 


183 


• Burnettsville, . . 


4 


237 


• Shawnee Prairie, 


4 


187 


* Amsterdam, . . 


4 


241 


• Point Pleasant, . 


8 


195 


♦ Logansport, . . 


8 


294 



STAGE ROUTS IN ILLINOIS. 



From Springfield to St. Louis, 

Mo. 

To Sugar Creek, . 10 . 

• Douglass, ... 13 23 

• Carlinville, . . 14 37 

• Lincoln, ... 21 58 

• Edwardsville, . 18 76 

• St. Louis, ... 23 99 



From Springfield to St. Lo 


uis. 


via Jacksonville, Carroll- 


ton, and Alton. 


To Berlin, . . . 


14 


. 


• Jacksonville, . . 


17 


31 


• Manchester, . . 


15 


46 


• Carrollton, . . 


18 


64 


* Jerseyville, . . 


14 


78 


• Alton, .... 


20 


98 


« St. Louis, by steam 


25 


123 



From Springfield to Burling, 
ion, Iowa Ter. 



To Silvan Grove, 

• Beardstown, 

* Rushville, 



From Sprinfield to Burling. 


ton, Iowa Ter. 


« Brattleville, . . 


13 


72 


♦ Macomb, . . . 


12 


84 


» Shokoken, . . 


28 


112 


• Burlington, . . 


8 


120 


From Springfld to Vandalia. 


To Hillsboro, . . . 


48 


. 


« Hurricane, . . 


15 


63 


* Vandalia, . . . 


12 


75 


From Springfield to Chicago, 


via Peoria and Ottawa. 


To Middletown, 


23 


, 


♦ Dillon, . . . 


30 


53 


♦ Tremont, . . . 


5 


58 


' Groveland, . . 


6 


64 


• Peoria, . . . 


7 


71 


« Little Detroit, . 


5 


76 


• Black Partridge, 


13 


89 


* Crow Meadow, 


14 


103 


♦ Sandy Creek, 


7 


no 


» Vermillionville, . 


17 


127 


« Ottawa, . . . 


11 


138 


1 * Lisbon, . . . 


17 


155 



STAGE ROUTS IN ILLINOIS. 



117 



From Springfield to Chicago, 


From Vincennes, la 


., to St. 


via Peoria and Ottama. 


Louis, Mo. 




• Plainfield, . . 


24 


179 


• Salem, . . . 


30 


76 


• Du Page, . . . 


8 


187 


• Carlyle, . . . 


22 


98 


• Cass, .... 


9 


196 


• Shoal Creek, 


8 


106 


* Chicago, . . . 


22 


118 


• Aviston, . . . 


7 


113 


From Springfield t 
Haute, la. 


Terre 


• Lebanon, . . . 


11 


124 




♦ Rock Spring, 


4 


128 


To Rochester, . . 


8 




« Belleville, . . . 


8 


136 


• Edinburg, . . 


19 
32 


27 
59 


♦ St. Louis, Mo., . 


15 


151 


* Shelbyville, . . 


From Vincennes la., 1 


Juliet. 


• Locust Grove, . 


5 


64 


To Russellville, . . 


8 




* Cochran's Grove, 


6 


70 


' Palestine, . . . 


14 


22 


* Paradise, . . . 


8 


78 


« Hutsonville, . . 


8 


30 


« Bethsaida, . . 


8 


86 


' Fork, .... 


5 


35 


• Cole. C. H., . . 


8 


94 


♦ Darv^rin, . . . 


8 


43 


• Bachelorsville, . 


7 


101 


' Livingston, . . 


9 


52 


* Hitesville, . . . 


5 


106 


* Paris, .... 


14 


66 


* Grand View, . . 


7 


113 


« Bloomfield, . . 


12 


78 


• Paris, .... 


11 


^li 


• Georgetown, . . 


15 


93 


• Elbridge, . . . 


9 


133 


• Danville, . . . 


10 


103 


• Terre Haute, . 


11 


144 


* North Fork, . . 

♦ Driftwood, . . 


15 

22 


118 


jPm Vandalia to Terr 


sHaute.l 


140 


To Cumberland, 


6 




' Iroquois, . . . 


12 


152 


♦ Ewington, . . 


17 


23 


« Forked Creek, . 


42 


194 


* Woodbury, . . 


22 

7 


45 
52 


♦ Juliet, .... 


19 


213 


« Greenup, . . . 


From Shawneetown 


to St. 


• Martinsville, . . 


16 


68 


Louis. 




♦ Marshall, . . . 


12 


80 


To Equality, . . . 


15 


. 


* Terre Haute, 


16 


96 


♦ Curran, , . . 

♦ Fancy Farm, 


11 
12 


26 


From Vandalia to St 


. Louis.\ 


38 


To Mulberry Grove, 


10 




' Frankfort, . . 


9 


47 


♦ Greenville, . . 


7 


17 


* Nashville, . . . 


51 


104 


• Hickory Grove, . 


9 


26 


» Oakau, . . . 


13 


107 


• Silver Creek, 


17 


43 


♦ Belleville, . . . 


22 


129 


♦ Collinsville, . . 


10 
12 


53 
65 


* St. Louis, . . . 


15 


144 


• St. Louis, . . . 


From Kaskaskia to 
To Shannon's Store, 


Salem. 


Fr»m Vincennes, la. 


, to St. 


16 


. 


Louis, Mo. 




• Elkhorn, . . . 


16 


32 


To Lavvrenceville, . 


10| . 


• Nashville, . . 


7 


39 


♦ Maysville, . . 


36 


461 


• Salem, . . . 


31 


70 



118 



STAGE ROUTS IN ILLINOIS. 



From Kaskaskia to St. Louis. 



To Prairie du Rocher, 

• Waterloo, . , . 

• Columbia, . . 

• St. Louis, . . 



From Alton to Carlyle 



To Upper Alton, 

• Edwardsville, 
« Clifton, . . 

• Shoal Creek, 

• Carlyle, . . 



From Jacksonville to Falmy. 

ra, Mo. 

To Geneva, ... 10 . 

• Exeter, ... 6 16 

• Naples, ... 7 23 

• Griggsville, . . 7 30 
« Liberty, ... 25 55 

• Quincy, ... 14 69 

• Palmyra, ... 16 85 



From Quincy 
To Columbus, 
« Clayton, . 

* Mt. Sterling, 

* Rushville, 

* Washington, 

* Lewistown, 

* Canton, . 

* Farmington, 

* Peoria, 



to 



From Peoria to Galena 



To Boyd's Grove, 
• Providence. . 



Peoria 
15 
11 
11 
16 
14 
15 
14 
10 
23 



26 
37 
53 

67 

82 

96 

1061 

129 



37 
6] 43 



From Peoria to Gahna. 



Dixon's Ferry, 
Buffalo Grove, 
Cherry Grove, 
Apple River, . 
Galena, . . 



83 

95 

111 

132 

150 



From Peoria to Oquawka. 



To Knoxville, 
Monmouth, 
Oquawka, 



63 

80 



From Rushville to Galena. 



To Brattleville, . 
Walker's Grove, 
Macomb, , 
Monmouth, 
Spring Grove 
Stephenson, 
Port Byron, 
Port Newberry 
Savannah, 
Galena, 



From Chicago 
To Eelvidere, . 
Galena, 



20 

27 

60 

67 

107 

125 

140 

160 

93 



to Galena. 
. I 701 . 
. 801150 



From Chicago to Galena, via 

Dixon^s Ferry. 
To Brush Hill, . . 16 . 
' Naperville, . . 12 28 

• Aurora, ... 12 40 
« Dixon's Ferry, . 65 105 

• Galena. ' . . 74179 



STAGE ROUTS IN MISSOUBI. 



119 



STAGE ROUTS IN MISSOURI. 



From St. Louis to 
cisville. 
Vo St. Charles, . 

Willsburg, 

Flint Hill, . . 

Troy, . . . 

Auburn, . . 

Bowling Green, 

Frankfort, 

New London, 

Hannibal, 

Palmyra, . . 

La Grange, . 

Monticello, . 

Barnesview, . 

St. Francisville, 



St. Fran. 



From St. Louis to Fort Lea- 
venworth. 

To St. Charles, . . 20 . 

• Gallatin, ... 21 41 

• Warrenton, . . 17 58 

• Danville, ... 23 81 

• Fulton, . . . 25 106 

• Columbia, . . 24 130 

• Fayette, . , . 25 155 

• Keytesville, . . 29 184 

• Carrollton, . . 32 21C 

• Richmond, . . 30 24GI 



From St. Louis to Fort Lea. 
venworth. 

' Liberty, • • . i 29i275 
• Fort Levenworth, | 351310 



'^rom St. Louis to Indepen^ 


dence. 




ro Union, . . . 


53 


. 


» Mount Sterling, , 


37 


90 


* Jefferson City, . 


37 


127 


♦ Booneville, . . 


40 


167 


♦ Jonesboro, . . 


24 


181 


* Lexington, . . 


45 


226 


♦ Independence, . 


40 


266 


'^rom St. Louis to N. Madrid. 


Vo Herculaneum, . 


30 


. 


' Potosi, .... 


37 


67 


• Farmington, . . 


23 


90 


♦ Frederickton, 


17 


107 


♦ Jackson, . . . 


40 


147 


♦ Cape Girardeau, 


10 


157 


* Benton, . . . 


15 


172 


♦ New Madrid, . 


43 


215 



From St. Louis to Jefferson 
City, via Fulten. 



To Fulton, . . 
» Bloomfield, . 
• Jefferson City, 



1061 . 
11 117 
11128 



\* 



U7 '75 



■- i 



I 



K >^°- 




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*■€■*' N.MANCHESTER 
^^S^ INDIANA 






^\U,-%i. 



